利用城市生态河道深度净化污水处理厂出水的工程技术研究

提出了城市生态河道工程构建的技术方法,并研究了示范工程对城市污水处理厂出水的深度净化规律。实验结果表明,在保证生态景观功能的前提下,将生态河道技术工艺用于污水处理厂出水的深度净化,能够高效、稳定地去除氮磷等营养物,河道出水可以满足城市景观水体补充水源的水质要求,出水TP、PO^3-₄、TN、NH₃-N和NO₃-N平均值分别达到0.263、0.116、2.570、0.752和2.438 mg/L,去除率分别达到85.4%、92.8%、60.8%、39.7%和77.2%。     

芦村污水处理厂进水组分分析

针对面临“十一五”升级改造的无锡芦村污水处理厂,在对厂内生化池进水水质进行了活性污泥2d模型的组分分析。对碳（COD）组分分析发现,易生物降解基质SS和慢速可降解基质墨仅占进水的51％,进水可生化性比较差,厌氧区在生化处理中对碳（COD）的去除起主要作用。二沉池的沉降效果直接决定了占34％的惰性颗粒性有机物X1的去除效果,从而能在很大程度上降低出水COD。提高TN去除率的关键在于如何处理这20％的颗粒态有机氮（XND）。在典型水质期,需要通过添加辅助化学除磷来使TP达标排放。通过分析发现问题,为污水厂升级改造提供必要的技术支持,也为其他污水厂进水组分分析提供计算示范。     

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

Impacts of advanced treatment processes on elimination of antibiotic resistance genes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The distributions of ARGs were monitored in a WWTP in Harbin during six months. CASS had the best removal efficacy of ARGs compared to other processes in the WWTP. UV disinfection could effectively control the HGT. AGAC significantly remove ARGs and organics due to its high absorption capacity. Combination of ozone and AGAC significantly improve removal of ARGs and organics. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a serious threat to public health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for controlling the release of ARGs into the environment. This study investigated ARG distribution at every step in the treatment process of a municipal WWTP located in Harbin for six consecutive months. Changes in ARG distribution involved in two advanced secondary effluent treatment processes, ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, were analyzed. Biological treatment resulted in the highest ARG removal (0.76–1.94 log reduction), followed by ultraviolet (UV) disinfection (less than 0.5-log reduction). Primary treatment could not significantly remove ARGs. ARG removal efficiency increased with an increase in the ozone dose below 40 mg/L. However, amorphous GAC (AGAC) adsorption with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h showed better removal of ARGs, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) than ozonation at a 60 mg/L dose. UV treatment could efficiently reduce the relative ARG abundance, despite presenting the lowest efficiency for the reduction of absolute ARG abundance compared with GAC and ozone treatments. The combination of ozone and AGAC can significantly improve the removal of ARGs, TOC, TN and TP. These results indicate that a treatment including biological processing, ozonation, and AGAC adsorption is a promising strategy for removing ARGs and refractory organic substances from sewage.     

Waste water treatment plants as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and musk fragrances to ambient air

To investigate waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) as sources of polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and synthetic musk fragrances to the atmosphere, air samples were simultaneously taken at two WWTPs and two reference sites using high volume samplers. Contaminants were accumulated on glass fiber filters and PUF/XAD-2/PUF cartridges, extracted compound-dependent by MTBE/acetone, methanol, or hexane/acetone and detected by GC-MS or HPLC-MS/MS. Total (gas + particle phase) concentrations ranged from 97 to 1004 pg m⁻³ (neutral PFCs), <MQL to 13 pg m⁻³ (ionic PFCs), 5781 to 482,163 pg m⁻³ (musk fragrances) and <1 to 27 pg m⁻³ (PBDEs) and were usually higher at WWTPs than at corresponding reference sites, revealing that WWTPs can be regarded as sources of musk fragrances, PFCs and probably PBDEs to the atmosphere. Different concentrations at the two WWTPs indicated an influence of WWTP size or waste water origin on emitted contaminant amounts.     

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern

The monitoring of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has focused on the distribution in rivers and small lakes, but data regarding their occurrence and effects in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, are sparse. Wastewater treatment processes have not been optimized to remove influent PPCPs and are a major source of PPCPs in the environment. Furthermore, PPCPs are not currently regulated in wastewater effluent. In this experiment we evaluated the concentration, and corresponding risk, of PPCPs from a wastewater effluent source at varying distances in Lake Michigan. Fifty-four PPCPs and hormones were assessed on six different dates over a two-year period from surface water and sediment samples up to 3.2 km from a wastewater treatment plant and at two sites within a harbor. Thirty-two PPCPs were detected in Lake Michigan and 30 were detected in the sediment, with numerous PPCPs being detected up to 3.2 km away from the shoreline. The most frequently detected PPCPs in Lake Michigan were metformin, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan. To determine the ecological risk, the maximum measured environmental concentrations were compared to the predicted no-effect concentration and 14 PPCPs were found to be of medium or high ecological risk. The environmental risk of PPCPs in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, has been questioned due to high dilution; however, the concentrations found in this study, and their corresponding risk quotient, indicate a significant threat by PPCPs to the health of the Great Lakes, particularly near shore organisms.     

污水处理厂进出水及其受纳水体中典型PPCPs的污染特征

以对乙酰氨基酚为目标物,利用固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定了该药物在泰安市污水处理厂进出水和地表水体中的含量。结果表明,对乙酰氨基酚在污水处理厂进水中均被检出,质量浓度为0.9~238μg/L,表明生活污水为污水处理厂该药物活性成分的来源,出水中质量浓度为ND~8.3μg/L,去除率较高,其中生物降解是主要的降解机制。在泮河中的质量浓度为ND~3.59μg/L,与国内外其他地表水体相比,处于同一个数量级,且污水厂排水口下游水体中目标物浓度高于上游,反映出污水处理厂排放可能是其受纳水体中PPCPs的主要来源之一。     

滨海生态景观河道对污水处理厂出水净化效果研究

为了探讨天津滨海泰达生态景观河道对污水处理厂出水深度净化的效果,2009年对该河道水体进行监测分析,结果表明该河道对氮、磷营养盐具有良好的可持续净化能力,河道出水达到景观环境用水的再生水水质标准,出水TN、NH3-N、TP和PO43-平均浓度分别为1.49mg/L、0.75mg/L、0.16mg/L和0.01mg/L,相应去除率分别达到93.38%、41.13%、88.09%和98.16%;沿程水体COD和TDS变化规律不明显,去除效果不理想;河道中端与出水端水体水质相近,建议在今后相似工程中可以适当提高河道式湿地的水力负荷。     

污水处理厂出水有机磷污染特征及强化去除

针对污水处理厂(wastewater treatment plant,WWTP)有机磷(organic phosphorus,OP)污染现状,采用多种方法表征出水OP污染特性,并开展强化去除研究.结果表明,TP、PO_4~(3-)-P、聚磷酸盐(Poly-P)和OP的出水平均浓度分别为:0. 62、0. 22、0. 03和0. 37 mg·L~(-1),OP占比达59. 7%.工艺全流程分析结果表明,PO_4~(3-)-P、Poly-P和OP在进、出水中的占比依次是54. 4%、6. 3%、39. 3%和16. 9%、14. 5%、68. 6%. OP和溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)存在正相关性,相关系数为0. 65;亲水性和疏水性OP的平均浓度分别是0. 12 mg·L~(-1)和0. 31 mg·L~(-1),疏水性OP的C/P比亲水性低,说明疏水性OP生物利用度(bioavailability,BA)更高,结果表明OP的BA约为20. 0%,OP以难生物利用组分为主.强化去除研究表明活性焦最佳投加量为20 g·L~(-1),去除率为32. 6%; O_3最佳投加量为30 mg·L~(-1),去除率高达79. 1%,高级氧化技术较物理吸附更适合作为深度处理方式.     

A/O工艺污水处理厂FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型及现场校验

在全耦合活性污泥模型(FCASM3)基础上,考虑生物场与水力流场的相互作用,建立了A/O工艺污水处理厂FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型.通过Matlab/Simulink软件平台进行数值模拟,将A/O工艺污水处理厂FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型分别与已报道的生物场一水力场耦合模型(Lee -Hydro)以及FCASM2-Hydro耦合模型进行数值模拟对比研究.结果表明,FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型对出水中COD、NH4+-N、Nox--N、PO43--P等污染物质变化趋势的动态模拟比Lee-Hydro耦合模型更符合实际.在对出水COD的模拟上,FCASM3-Hydro与FCASM2一Hydro耦合模型的模拟值完全一致;在对出水NH4+-N和PO43--P的模拟上,FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型的动态模拟结果比FCASM2-Hydro耦合模型更贴近实测变化趋势.