How effective are broad-scale nutrient mass balances for determining the sustainability of lot-feed manure application?

Nutrient mass balances have been used to assess a variety of land resource scenarios, at various scales. They are widely used as a simple basis for policy, planning, and regulatory decisions but it is not clear how accurately they reflect reality. This study provides a critique of broad-scale nutrient mass balances, with particular application to the fertiliser use of beef lot-feeding manure in Queensland.Mass balances completed at the district and farm scale were found to misrepresent actual manure management behaviour and potentially the risk of nutrient contamination of water resources. The difficulties of handling stockpile manure and concerns about soil compaction mean that manure is spread thickly over a few paddocks at a time and not evenly across a whole farm. Consequently, higher nutrient loads were applied to a single paddock less frequently than annually. This resulted in years with excess nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium remaining in the soil profile. This conclusion was supported by evidence of significant nutrient movement in several of the soil profiles studied.Spreading manure is profitable, but maximum returns can be associated with increased risk of nutrient leaching relative to conventional inorganic fertiliser practices. Bio-economic simulations found this increased risk where manure was applied to supply crop nitrogen requirements (the practice of the case study farms, 200–5000 head lot-feeders).Thus, the use of broad-scale mass balances can be misleading because paddock management is spatially heterogeneous and this leads to increased local potential for nutrient loss. In response to the effect of spatial heterogeneity policy makers who intend to use mass balance techniques to estimate potential for nutrient contamination should apply these techniques conservatively.     

Analysis of organic compounds in coal gasification wastewater

A procedure for analysis of organic pollutants in coal gasification wastewater was developed, including a series extraction steps at different pH, followed by LC separation or resin adsorption, then analyzed by GC or GC/MS. More than 200 organic pollutants in 22 categories were determined. CH2CL2 extraction at NaHCO3 presence was used to separate carboxylic acids with phenolic compounds in aqueous. Derivatization with acetic anhydride was used for analyses of mono-, di-, poly-hydroxyl phenolic compounds. 21 mono-hydroxyl phenols and 13 di-hydroxyl phenols were determined from the coai gasification wastewater samples. Derivatization with BF3-CH3OH was used for analysis of carboxylic acid. 17 mono-carboxyl, 4 di-carboxyl acids and 6 aromatic acids were determined from coal gasification wastewater samples.     

废旧塑料的处理工艺

介绍了当前国内外几种处理和利用废旧塑料的方法，特别对废旧塑料掩埋、再生、回收焚烧、热裂解制造燃料油和化学品的技术和存在的问题作了重点探讨。     

高浓度有机废气生物处理研究

对生物滴滤器处理低流量、高浓度有机废气进行了研究。考察了高浓度下的有机废气净化。研究表明,正常运行情况下生物滴滤器对高浓度有机废气具有良好的净化效果,不同的污染物在相同的填料高度下具有一定的处理效率,且在一定的填料段内生化去除速率基本稳定,整个填料塔存在最大生化去除速率。     

沈阳市含铬废液集中处理试验研究

经反复多次试验，证明了用硫酸亚铁废酸液还原处理铬废液的可行性，此法以废治废，工艺简单，操作容易，处理效果好．     

废旧塑料热解催化及其产物分析

采用热解──催化法使废旧聚乙烯塑料裂解，并对裂解产物进行ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析．结果表明，废旧聚乙烯塑料的裂解产物主要由正构烷烃、烯烃及少量环烷烃组成．这些化合物均具有重要的回收利用价值．     

日本石油化工废气治理状况

介绍了日本目前石油化工废气处理技术的几种代表性工艺。简单叙述了工艺流程、设计参数以及处理效果。     

盐酸酸洗废液制备复合聚合氯化硫酸铁

以盐酸酸洗废液和适量硫酸亚铁为原料 ,用盐酸或硫酸调节酸度 ,在一定的温度和压力条件下 ,经催化氧化、水解、聚合 ,反应约 3h即可制得复合聚合氯化硫酸铁。经检验 ,产品的铁 (Fe3 + )含量为 16 5 /g·L-1,亚铁 (Fe2 + )含量≤ 1.0 /g·L-1,盐基度≈ 10 .5 %。     

城市垃圾的再利用

根据我国垃圾处理的现状，阐述了我国城市垃圾再利用的意义并介绍了几种垃圾组分再利用的途径和技术，提出了促进城市垃圾再利用的一些对策。     

催化裂化废催化剂对废水中镉的吸附研究

本文以石油催化裂化废催化剂作为废水中镉的吸附剂，探讨了吸附时间、温度、ｐＨ值、吸附剂用量对吸附效果的影响。吸附平衡试验结果表明，废催化剂对镉的吸附属单分子层吸附，吸附较易进行，吸附过程可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ模式和Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｉｃｈ模式较好地描述。