Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near New England coastal waters

Wet and dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured at Nahant, Massachusetts, a peninsula jutting into Massachusetts Bay and Wolf Neck, a peninsula jutting into Casco Bay, Maine. Wet deposition (rain and snow) was collected in a funnel which drains into a shielded, temperature controlled receiving bottle. Dry deposition of gaseous and particulate PAHs was collected onto an exposed water surface. PAHs were analyzed by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen PAH species were analyzed, ranging from acenaphthylene to coronene. The mean wet deposition rate of the sum of the 16 species is 720 ng m⁻² cm⁻¹ precipitation at Nahant, and 831 ng m⁻² cm⁻¹ precipitation at Wolf Neck. Wet deposition is attributed to regional PAH emitting sources. Storm patterns appear to bring somewhat higher wet deposition of PAHs to Wolf Neck than to Nahant. The mean dry deposition rate is 95 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ at Nahant and 9.3 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ at Wolf Neck. The large difference is attributed to the fact that Nahant is close to the urban-industrial metropolitan Boston area and Logan International Airport, whereas Wolf Neck has no major PAH-emitting sources nearby. Individual measurements have an error bracket of ±30%. The Chemical Mass Balance model was used to apportion the dry deposition to source categories. At Nahant, nine samples gave valid statistical attributes with a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 35%, gasoline fueled vehicles 32%, diesel fueled vehicles 17%, wood combustion 13%, others 3%. At Wolf Neck, six samples yielded a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 30%, gasoline vehicles 28%, diesel vehicles 18%, wood combustion 16%, others 8%. There is a considerable variation between the samples. The apportionment is greatly dependent on the quality and selection of the model inputs, i.e. source signatures, which for PAHs are questionable.     

石灰与石灰石作湿法脱硫剂的比较

石灰、石灰石是最常用的湿法脱硫剂。从反应机理、运行控制指标、液气比和钙硫比（化学过量比）、浆液循环池等方面对其性能作了比较。两者的脱硫机理、运行控制指标不同,受温度的影响程度也不同。两系统的最小液气比分别为10．0和5．6,化学过量比分别为1．05～1．15和1．25～1．60。前者的脱硫效力优于后者。     

Non-catalytic and catalytic wet air oxidation of pharmaceuticals in ultra-pure and natural waters

A wet air oxidation (WAO) process was applied to four selected pharmaceuticals (metoprolol, naproxen, amoxicillin, and phenacetin) individually dissolved in ultra-pure water, varying the temperature and oxygen pressure. Due to the moderate (amoxicillin) or low (metoprolol, naproxen, and phenacetin) efficiency found in the oxidation of these pollutants, a catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) process was then tested using a platinum catalyst supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT). In this CWAO process, the pharmaceuticals were dissolved together in ultra-pure water and in four natural water matrices—a reservoir water, a groundwater, and two waters from different municipal wastewater treatment plants. On the basis of the measurements of their removals, a discussion is given of the influence of the main operating variables: the presence or absence of catalyst, type of catalyst (the synthesized Pt/CNT or a commercial Pt/AC), catalyst dosage (0.005–0.050 g), temperature (120–140 °C), and oxygen pressure (20–40 bar). In most experiments, the removals were in the sequence: amoxicillin > naproxen > phenacetin. In addition, total organic carbon (TOC) removal measurements were made of some of the natural waters tested.     

燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫系统的水平衡分析

通过对湿法烟气脱硫系统工艺用水和耗水的分析,结合华北某电厂湿法脱硫系统的设计参数 和运行情况,测试该脱硫系统在满负荷下的水平衡并根据具体的用水、耗水情况提出节水措施.     

湿法脱硫烟气直接排放的环境问题探讨

讨论了湿烟气直接排放带来的3个环境问题：抬升高度低，地面污染浓度较大；水汽凝结造成白烟；凝结水对局地气候的影响。通过简化计算，给出了某些环境和排放条件下抬升高度、地面最大浓度、白烟长度和数结水量的定量估算，对进行湿烟气直接排放可行性研究的人员有重要参考意义。     

烟气脱硫技术的模糊评价

应用模糊数学原理，将素质决策与数量决策相结合，以三种典型烟气脱硫技术为例，对所涉及的定性和定量指标进行处理，经模糊线性加权变换，评估和优选出适合我国国情，具有较好的环境，社会，经济效益的烟气脱硫技术，比较表明，模糊决策方法在脱硫技术的评估和优选中优于单一的素质决策或数量决策方法，是一种有前途的科学的定量化决策方法。     

火电机组湿法石灰石-石膏烟气脱硫成本与综合效益分析

选择单机为300、600、1000MW的火电机组,分别分析了含硫量在0．5％～3．00％范围内,火电机组脱硫成本的变化情况;并以单机300MW火电机组为例分析了给火电机组脱硫后产生的经济效益,最后简单探讨了电力行业烟气脱硫带来的环境效益。结果表明：对于同一火电机组,随着煤炭含硫量的增加,其脱硫成本呈下降趋势;当煤炭合硫量相同时,火电装机容量越大,其脱硫成本越小;而且火电机组脱硫后每年获得净利润远大于其脱硫成本,同时能够产生较大的环境效益。     

粉煤灰对脱硫用石灰石溶解特性的影响研究

石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫是我国广泛应用的脱硫技术,其中石灰石（CaCO3）活性对优化脱硫装置的设计,降低脱硫成本,提高脱硫效率显得尤为重要。通过实验对CaCO,活性进行了研究,在固定pH值的条件下,采用酸滴定CaCO3浆液的方法,研究了不同pH值以及粉煤灰对CaCO3溶解率的影响。结果表明,在所测的pH值范围内,较低的pH值有利于CaCO3的溶解,pH值每降低0．5,CaCO3的溶解率增加8％左右。但为了保持吸收溶液的脱硫效果,一般选择pH值=5．0～5．5之间。粉煤灰对石灰石硫酸溶解的影响较小,初始2h内粉煤灰对CaCO3的溶解有较大的促进作用,2h后变为微弱的阻碍作用。     

湿法脱硫鼓泡塔工艺应用分析

就华能淮阴电厂安装的鼓泡塔脱硫工艺进行分析,介绍了锅炉及其辅机参数和鼓泡塔参数、鼓泡塔工艺及应用状况．并就设备运营中的出现的问题进行了分析和研究。     

Soil-profile distribution of carbon and associated properties in no-till along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains

No-till (NT) farming is considered as a potential strategy for sequestering C in the soil. Data on soil-profile distribution of C and related soil properties are, however, limited, particularly for semiarid regions. We assessed soil C pool and soil structural properties such as aggregate stability and strength to 1 m soil depth across three long-term (≥21 year) NT and conventional till (CT) experiments along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains of the USA. Tillage systems were in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a loam at Hutchinson and winter wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow on silt loams at Hays and Tribune, Kansas. Mean annual precipitation was 889 mm for Hutchinson, 580 mm for Hays, and 440 mm for Tribune. Changes in profile distribution of soil properties were affected by differences in precipitations input among the three sites. At Hutchinson, NT had 1.8 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth, but CT had 1.5 times greater SOC pool in the 5-20-cm. At Hays, NT had 1.4 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth. Differences in summed SOC pool for the whole soil profile (0-1 m depth) between NT and CT were not significant at any site. The summed SOC pool with depth between NT and CT were only significant above the 5 cm depth at Hutchinson and 2.5 cm depth at Hays. At Hutchinson, NT stored 3.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 5 cm depth. At Hays, NT stored 1.35 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 2.5 cm depth. Moreover, NT management increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDA) by 3 to 4 times for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and by 1.8 times for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Hays. It also reduced air-dry aggregate tensile strength (TS) for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and Hays and for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Tribune. The TS (r = −0.73) and MWDA (r = 0.81) near the soil surface were more strongly correlated with SOC concentration at Hutchinson than at Hays and Tribune attributed to differences in precipitation input. Results suggested NT impacts on increasing SOC pool and improving soil structural properties decreased with a decrease in precipitation input. Changes in soil properties were larger at Hutchinson (880 mm of precipitation) than at Hays and Tribune (≤580 mm). While NT management did not increase SOC pool over CT for the whole soil profile, the greater near-surface accumulation of SOC in NT than in CT was critical to the improvement in soil structural properties. Overall, differences in precipitation input among soils appeared to be the dominant factor influencing NT impacts on soil-profile distribution of SOC and soil structural properties in this region.