A barrier to metal movement: Synchrotron study of iron plaque on roots of wetland plants

正A wetland with attractive plants hosting birds and other wildlife is an esthetically pleasing prospect that is gaining popularity as a way of stabilizing or remediating metalcontaminated soils and sediment(Weber and Gagnon,2014;     

爆炸冲击对高阶煤微晶结构的影响特征*

为探究爆炸冲击荷载对煤微晶结构的影响,以河南赵固二矿山西组二1煤层高阶无烟煤为研究对象,利用炸药对煤样进行爆炸冲击试验,通过改变炸药量控制冲击荷载的大小,并对冲击过后的煤样进行X射线衍射测试,分析在不同强度冲击荷载作用下煤样微晶结构的变化规律。研究结果表明:煤样的峰值应变随着冲击荷载的增大而升高;与原煤相比,受冲击荷载之后煤样XRD图谱的002峰与100峰均变的更高且陡,衍射峰位置向θ值大的一侧偏移;与原煤样相比,受冲击荷载之后煤体的微晶结构参数发生规律性变化,面层间距（d002）表现出减小的趋势,单元堆砌度（Lc）、单元延展度（La）以及（La/Lc）表现出增大的趋势;微晶结构变化快慢也呈现一定的规律性,随着煤样受到冲击荷载的增大,面层间距呈现减小的趋势;单元堆砌度与单元延展度呈现增加的趋势,前期增加缓慢,后期增加迅速;受冲击煤样的微晶结构更加有序,从微观结构上解释了冲击载荷对煤微晶结构的影响。     

活化粉煤灰的结构和组成研究

用化学分析、x光电子能谱、波谱、热谱和扫描电子显微镜等多种方法综合研究粉煤灰的体相和表面相的化学组成、颗粒形貌、表面价态、键型和表面相变过程等结构特征。发现粉煤灰的内部组成与表面组成明显不同;颗粒以微珠为主;粒度分布接近高斯分布;表面有Si－O－Si键,而无羟基;粉煤灰加热时有吸热和放热过程发生,并伴有失重现象。这些为粉煤灰的表面改性和综合利用提供了科学依据。     

城市工业用煤X荧光分析及重金属元素污染研究

燃煤是成都市重金属污染的一个重要来源,目前对成都燃煤中重金属元素含量与城市环境污染的相关性研究相对较少。文章以成都市城东工业区为研究对象,利用X荧光分析方法对煤样、煤渣、煤灰、表层土、深层土4种重金属元素进行定量分析,探讨了燃煤中重金属含量与城市土壤重金属污染的相关关系。结果表明,(1)成都市工业用煤原产地煤样重金属元素的含量不尽相同,因此,企业需合理选择煤源。(2)土壤重金属元素污染与工业用煤正相关,工业用煤中有害元素含量较高的对当地土壤的污染也比较严重,相反工业用煤中含量较少的元素在土壤中含量也较小。(3)热电厂燃煤对城市重金属污染的行为属性表现为,Pb属于直接污染大气和土壤,而Cu、Zn、Cr富集在煤渣样、煤灰样中在后期造成对城市土壤的污染。     

A Study of Physicomechanical and Morphological Properties of Starch/Poly(vinylalcohol) Based Films

Starch/Poly(vinylalcohol) blends in two different ratios (60:40 and 50:50) were prepared with glycerol as a plasticizer. Films were cast by a solution casting method. One set of films were filled with 10 wt% of unmodified bentonite clay and another set of films were crosslinked with epichlorohydrin in an alkaline medium. The prepared film samples were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical characterization and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Significant changes in the tensile properties were observed depending on the different chemical constituents of the films. The presence of clay and crosslinking with epichlorohydrin were both found to have considerable effect on the morphology and mechanical property of the films. The SEM investigations, XRD analysis and FTIR studies revealed the interaction between the various chemical components of the films.     

厦门近海表层沉积物结构特征及物源初探

为研究厦门近海海域表层沉积物的结构特征、组成及来源,于2010年7月采集厦门湾表层沉积物,综合粒径分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等方法对沉积物进行表征。粒径分析的结果表明,沉积物的主体粒径在80μm附近,且有明显的次粒级峰,并以粗颗粒的主体粒级峰占有优势。研究的沉积物类型主要有三种,砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂和砂-粉砂,其中砂质粉砂是分布最广泛的沉积物类型区域沉积物,其含量达90%以上;而粘土含量以背景点鸡屿岛为最高,达到11.97%。X射线衍射分析表明,沉积物中优势轻矿物为石英、高岭石,部分区域含有石墨及一些零星分布的伊利石、海绿石和斜绿泥石。这些矿物组成显示了厦门湾海域表层沉积物具有较好的亲陆性,同时,其组成也受到了涨潮流的较大影响。沉积物形貌形态的研究发现,厦门湾沉积物组分较为复杂,其中含有多种藻类及其碎片(主要为硅藻)、矿物颗粒(高岭石)及未知名碎片;形状主要有孔状结构、层叠状结构、长条片状和不规则的六边形块状等。     

能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中稀土元素

建立了偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中稀土元素的方法,该方法较传统的方法具有前处理简单、测量自动化程度高、灵敏度高和检出限低(检出限范围为0.05~2.80 mg/kg)等优点。对土壤和沉积物标准物质的测定结果表明:测定结果与认定值能较好吻合,相对标准偏差范围为0.2%~9.4%,能满足测试的需求。分别用该方法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法对实际样品进行测定,2种方法的测定结果有较好的一致性,表明该方法测定结果准确可靠,可用于实际样品的测定。     

海洋大气环境下Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量分布规律研究

目的 研究海洋大气环境下氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积分布规律。方法 使用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪测试Q235钢在海南岛不同地点大气环境暴露后的表面氯离子沉积，然后采用插值算法绘制氯离子在Q235钢表面沉积分布图和海南岛不同地点氯离子在Q235钢表面平均沉积量分布图，并根据氯离子沉积分布图分析氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积量分布规律。结果 氯离子在Q235钢表面呈不均匀分布特征。在环境暴露试验前6个月，Q235钢表面氯离子含量逐渐增加；暴露6~12个月，Q235钢表面的氯离子含量总体变化不大。从整个海南岛看，内陆地区氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积量低，而在沿海环岛区域的沉积量高。在海南岛沿海地区，Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量随季风风向的变化而变化。结论 氯离子在Q235钢表面呈不均匀沉积分布，Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量在海南岛不同地点呈“中间低、两边高”的沉积分布规律，内陆地区沉积量低，而沿海环岛区域沉积量高，并且沿海地区的氯离子沉积易受季风风向的影响。     

Coprecipitation mechanisms of Zn by birnessite formation and its mineralogy under neutral pH conditions

Birnessite (δ-Mn(IV)O₂) is a great manganese (Mn) adsorbent for dissolved divalent metals. In this study, we investigated the coprecipitation mechanism of δ-MnO₂ in the presence of Zn(II) and an oxidizing agent (sodium hypochlorite) under two neutral pH values (6.0 and 7.5). The mineralogical characteristics and Zn–Mn mixed products were compared with simple surface complexation by adsorption modeling and structural analysis. Batch coprecipitation experiments at different Zn/Mn molar ratios showed a Langmuir-type isotherm at pH 6.0, which was similar to the result of adsorption experiments at pH 6.0 and 7.5. X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis revealed triple-corner-sharing inner-sphere complexation on the vacant sites was the dominant Zn sorption mechanism on δ-MnO₂ under these experimental conditions. A coprecipitation experiment at pH 6.0 produced some hetaerolite (ZnMn(III)₂O₄) and manganite (γ-Mn(III)OOH), but only at low Zn/Mn molar ratios (< 1). These secondary precipitates disappeared because of crystal dissolution at higher Zn/Mn molar ratios because they were thermodynamically unstable. Woodruffite (ZnMn(IV)₃O₇•2H₂O) was produced in the coprecipitation experiment at pH 7.5 with a high Zn/Mn molar ratio of 5. This resulted in a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)-type sorption isotherm, in which formation was explained by transformation of the crystalline structure of δ-MnO₂ to a tunnel structure. Our experiments demonstrate that abiotic coprecipitation reactions can induce Zn–Mn compound formation on the δ-MnO₂ surface, and that the pH is an important controlling factor for the crystalline structures and thermodynamic stabilities.