Communication ecology of webbing clothes moth: 4. Identification of male- and female-produced pheromones

Summary. We investigated the hypothesis that aggregation signals produced by male webbing clothes moths (WCM), Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), and close-range male attractant signals produced by females have a pheromonal basis, at least in part. Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses of bioactive methanolic extracts of male WCM disclosed three candidate pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (16:Ester), (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (Z9—16:Ester), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (18:Ester). In bioassay experiments in a large Plexiglas™ arena, a blend of synthetic 16:Ester plus Z9—16:Ester was attractive to male and virgin (but not mated) female WCM; the 18:Ester was inactive. GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extracts from female WCM revealed (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienal (E2Z13—18:Ald) and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienol (E2Z13—18:OH) as candidate sex pheromone components. In arena bioassay experiments, 1—5 female equivalents of synthetic E2Z13—18:Ald (0.2 ng) and E2Z13—18:OH (0.1 ng) were more attractive to male WCM than were two virgin female WCM. We anticipate that the combination of aggregation and sex pheromones, male-produced sonic aggregation signals, and habitat-derived semiochemicals will be highly effective in attracting male and female WCM to commercial traps. Received 12 January 2001; accepted 8 June 2001.     

Potential environmental impact of dissolution of raw phosphate in sea water of the Gulf of Aqaba

Dissolution of raw phosphate (apatite) in sea water of the Gulf of Aqaba was investigated through lab incubation experiments. Three types from three different sources (Al-Hasa, Al-Abyad and Esh-Shydiya) have been used for these experiments. Impact of quantity, grain size, and source (type) of raw phosphate on dissolution rate were studied. Statistical analysis shows significant differences between the results obtained from comparing each two weights; as weight of apatite increased, dissolved inorganic phosphate-phosphorus (DIP) and fluoride in sea water solution increased. The differences between the dissolution rates of raw phosphate from the three sites were not significant while the differences between the different grain size fractions were significant. Dissolution rates were inversely related to particle size. Using a worst-case scenario, a conservative estimate of the maximum increase in DIP in seawater of the Gulf of Aqaba due to the apatite particles lost to the sea during ship loading resulted in DIP concentrations of 0.03 μM per year. As the residence time of the water in the Gulf of Aqaba is about one year, the DIP concentration will not increase by more than 0.03 μM under the estimated annual quantity of exported phosphate. Fluoride will not increase by more than 0.03 mg/l under the same conditions.     

草酸对Cr胁迫下李氏禾解毒性能的影响

结合因子分析方法分析了草酸对Cr胁迫下李氏禾解毒性能的影响。研究过氧化氢酶(CAT)、可溶性糖、生长指标的变化情况,并运用因子分析方法筛选出最能表征李氏禾生长特性的指标,进而较科学的研究外源草酸对Cr胁迫下李氏禾解毒性能的影响。Cr质量浓度为0、200、400 mg/kg的土壤中,适当浓度草酸对李氏禾CAT影响表现出极显著差异(P0.01);当土壤中Cr质量浓度200 mg/kg,草酸质量浓度为80、120 mg/kg时,可溶性糖浓度分别比本组对照降低了23.59%、32.65%;株高可作为关键因子的关键变量。外源草酸可以增强李氏禾对Cr的解毒性能且与草酸浓度有关,因子分析方法可以应用于李氏禾研究中。     

混凝工艺去除重金属-腐殖酸有效性研究

考查了混凝剂对腐殖酸(HA)和重金属镉的络合体的去除效果。通过与混凝剂分别对腐殖酸和镉的单一去除比较发现:混凝剂对络合体的去除提高了HA和镉的去除率。通过调节不同环境因素发现:增加混凝剂用量,HA的去除率会在达到峰值后不再增加,而镉的去除率会在达到峰值后有所下降;提高p H值会加快HA的去除达到峰值且提高镉的去除率;腐殖酸溶液初始浓度越高,腐殖酸和镉的最终去除率越高;离子强度越高,HA和镉的最终去除率越低。     

Application of a hydroxylamine nitrate stability model to plutonium purification process equipment

A mathematical model that predicts hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) (NH₂OH·HNO₃) stability is applied to aqueous solutions containing HAN, nitric acid and plutonium that are used in plutonium purification processes. The model estimates the stability of these solutions with respect to the rapid, hazardous, autocatalytic reaction of HAN with nitric acid that generates heat and gas. It also accounts for reaction kinetics, temperature changes, gas generation rates, solution volumes and flow rates, and distribution of plutonium and nitric acid between aqueous and organic phases. The model is applied to three typical process vessels used in solvent extraction purification of plutonium – a countercurrent aqueous/organic plutonium stripping column, an oxidation column used for HAN and hydrazine destruction, and a plutonium rework tank. Both normal and off-normal process scenarios are modeled. Two of the off-normal scenarios lead to the rapid autocatalytic reaction of HAN with nitric acid where heat and gas are generated and that could lead to damage of the process equipment and/or release of hazardous plutonium solution from the vessel. In these two cases, stationary aqueous solutions containing HAN, Pu(III), and nitric acid were allowed to slowly react until conditions for the autocatalytic reaction were reached.     

德兴铜矿不同年份废石产酸规律研究

矿山选矿废石、尾矿在长期堆积过程中氧化产生的酸性废水会对环境造成严重危害.实验选取德兴铜矿1、5、10和20年废石进行产酸规律研究,静态评价结果显示,4种废石均有产酸潜势,且除1年废石以外均已产酸.为期9个月的动态评价结果表明,4个年份的废石pH均与电导率呈显著负相关,检出离子主要为氟化物、Cu2+、Zn2+、SO2-4、Fe3+.1年废石在整个实验进行中并未产酸,5、10年废石产酸稳定,20年废石产酸缓慢,可推断废石的产酸过程为:不产酸-高速产酸-稳定产酸-产酸速率下降.     

麦秆酸预处理后与猪粪混合发酵提高产气量的效应研究

为了研究不同水平的酸处理对麦秆混合发酵过程中各指标变化的影响,本试验通过测定不同醋酸浓度、时间处理后的麦秆与猪粪混合厌氧发酵进程中还原糖、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量,以及p H值变化和甲烷产量,探究各指标的关系并优化得出最佳醋酸处理组合,以期为酸预处理混合发酵实现高甲烷产量提供可靠的理论依据.结果表明,醋酸处理后的麦秆通过与猪粪混合发酵可明显提高甲烷单位产量,增幅为124.28%~207.40%.发酵过程中还原糖、VFA、p H值间相互影响.通过响应面法建立模型,得到醋酸处理的最优组合为浓度3.35%、时间6.75d,最大甲烷单位产量751.97 m L·g-1(以VS计).     

柠檬酸对重金属复合污染土壤的浸提效果研究

以浙江富阳某炼铜厂附近受Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn复合污染的土壤为研究对象,采用振荡、静置和超声3种不同浸提方式,通过研究柠檬酸在不同浸提方式下对重金属的去除效果,筛选出最佳柠檬酸浓度、处理时间及功率,并采用Tessier连续提取法分析浸提前后4种重金属形态变化.结果表明,柠檬酸对4种重金属均具有较好的去除效果,其中对Zn的去除效果最好,Cd的去除效果最差,而Cu和Pb的去除效果相当.Pb和Zn的去除率均随着柠檬酸浓度的增加而增加,但增幅随之减小,Cu的去除率则先增加后基本保持不变,而Cd的去除率变化不明显.综合考虑成本和浸提效果后,选用0.2 mol·L-1柠檬酸浸提2次为最优条件,最佳振荡时间和静置时间分别为4 h和24 h,最佳超声时间和功率分别为30 min和500 W.柠檬酸能够在很大程度上改变土壤中重金属的形态分布,主要去除以可交换态和碳酸盐结合态形式存在的Cd及以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态形式存在的Cu、Pb和Zn.通过对比3种浸提方式,在同等去除效果的前提下,静置浸提相比振荡浸提需要更长的时间,而将超声波应用于重金属污染土壤淋洗,所需时间较少,因此,超声波辅助浸提土壤中重金属是可行的,具有良好的应用前景.     

Effect of commercial pesticides on plant growth-promoting activities of Burkholderia sp. strain L2 isolated from rhizosphere of Lycopersicon esculentum cultivated in agricultural soil

The in vitro study was carried out to examine the toxicity of four commercially used pesticides (phorate, mancozeb, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan) at the recommended dose (1X) and higher field doses (1.5X, 2X, 2.5X, and 3X) on plant growth-promoting activities of Burkholderia sp. strain L2, isolated from pesticide-treated rhizosphere of Lycopersicon esculentum. At the recommended dose, level of toxicity of all the pesticides to phosphate solubilization activity and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production was less detrimental as compared to exceeding doses. At maximum dose rate of each pesticide, the percentage decrease in phosphate solubilization and IAA production over control was found in order of chlorpyrifos < mancozeb < endosulfan < phorate. Present study proves that Burkholderia sp. strain L2 could be used as a potential microbial inoculant in the agricultural soil having persistent pesticide residues.     

水环境中不同形态氮对甲芬那酸光降解影响机制的研究

研究了紫外光照射下水环境中不同形态的无机氮(NO-3、NO-2和NH+4)对甲芬那酸(MEF)光解的影响.NO-3与NO-2均促进MEF的光解,NH+4对MEF的光解基本无影响;在NO-3、NO-2存在下添加适量异丙醇,显著抑制MEF的降解,实验表明NO-3、NO-2在光照下产生了·OH并参与对MEF的氧化降解.同时模拟研究了水体处于不同p E值下,水中存在的不同形态的无机氮对MEF光解的复合影响,其对MEF光解促进作用不是简单的叠加关系,增大p E值,MEF的光解速率先增大后减小.当NO-2和NH+4共存时,对MEF的光解主要表现为NO-2的影响;当NO-2和NO-3共存时,两者对MEF的光解存在拮抗作用.