酸热活化对海泡石吸附水溶液中Cd的影响机制

为增加SP（海泡石）的比表面积并提高其对水溶液中Cd的去除效率,采用HCl对SP进行酸热活化,探索制备HHSP（酸热活化海泡石）最佳的c（HCl）、酸改性时间和热活化温度,并比较SP和HHSP对Cd的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,通过对吸附前后的SP和HHSP进行SEM-EDS（扫描电镜）、XRD（X射线衍射）和XPS（X射线光电子能谱）分析,以阐明HHSP吸附Cd的微观反应机理.结果表明:0.9 mol/L的HCl改性24 h后,500℃下热活化1 h制备的HHSP吸附性能最佳.准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型均能够很好地描述SP和HHSP对Cd的吸附特征.SP和HHSP对初始质量浓度为50 mg/L的溶液中Cd的去除率在2 h内分别达73.13%和85.96%,在24 h内达到吸附平衡.HHSP的最大饱和吸附量（q_max）为22.147 mg/g,比SP（4.200 mg/g）增加了4.23倍.酸热处理降低了SP的pH和pHpzc（零电荷点）,表明在SP表面吸附活性中心增多.SEM-EDS显示,酸热活化未改变SP的纤维状结构,Cd吸附量由SP的1.57%增至HHSP的2.13%.XPS分析表明,SP和HHSP对Cd的吸附作用包括了表面羟基（-OH）络合作用以及产生CdCO₃、CdCl₂、CdO和Cd（OH）₂沉淀.XRD分析表明,酸改性通过清除SP的CaCO₃成分,比表面积增加,从而增加了HHSP对Cd的吸附量.研究显示,酸热活化可增加HHSP对Cd的吸附效能,为利用HHSP有效控制稻田土壤Cd生物有效性提供了有益途径.      

Citric and Oxalic Acids Effect on Pb and Zn Uptake by Maize and Winter Wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of citric and oxalic acids effect on Pb and Zn uptake by corn and winter wheat. The experiment was employed with citric acid (CA) applied at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0 mmol kg-1 soil), oxalic acid (OA) at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0mmol kg-1 soil) and citric acid combined with oxalic acid (1.5 mmol citric acid combined with 1.5 mmol oxalic acid kg-1). Two types of soil were chose in the experiment. One was collected from the agricultural soil near a battery-recycling factory in Anhui province, China (site A) and the other was collected from a Pb-Zn mine residues in Hunan province, China (site B). The results showed that soil pH varied with the different treatment of citric and oxalic acids. However, there were no differences in all the treatments. 3.0mmol CA kg-1 soil addition significantly increased the concentrations of the CaCI2-extractable Pb and Zn and other treatments have no significantly increased. The highest shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn     

EDTA直接滴定测定镍

参考磷酸在345~356℃时有强腐蚀性的特点,采有硫磷混合酸消解矿样,能使样品消解完全。本方法经加标校核证明,检测结果重现性好,准确度高。     

Detection of rubella virus in fetal and placental tissues and in the throats of neonates after serologically confirmed rubella in pregnancy

From 35 therapeutic abortions performed because rubella had occurred at 2–19 weeks of pregnancy, 120 fetal organs, 12 specimens of mixed products of conception, and 15 placentae were tested for rubella virus. Virus was isolated from 10 out of 11 fetuses (91 per cent) from women infected at 2–8 weeks, from 5 out of 8 (63 per cent) infected at 9–10 weeks, and from 2 out of 16 (13 per cent) infected at 11–19 weeks. Hybridization tests for viral RNA on 39 fetal organs from eight cases revealed infection in four additional fetuses. Virus was isolated from only 3 out of 15 aborted placentae, but hybridization tests on six placentae revealed infection in three additional specimens. Hybridization was superior to virus isolation for detecting rubella infection in products of conception and is therefore potentially the better method for examining chorionic villus biopsies. Rubella virus was isolated from the throats of 4 out of 9 infants (44 per cent) infected during the first 12 weeks of gestation, but from none of 13 infected after 17 weeks. Infants in the latter group are unlikely to infect susceptible contacts.     

NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN SEDIMENTS AS AFFECTED BY CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to elucidate some of the chemical factors affecting the rate and pathways of N transformations in lake sediments. The main emphasis was placed on modifying a noncalcareous sediment with CaCO₃ to approximate the composition of a calcareous sediment. Additionally, the effects of Ca²⁺, CO₃^2-, Mg2⁺ and OH^- were evaluated by using appropriate chemicals. Further, the effect of aluminum sulfate was evaluated with both sediment types. Sediment pH at 7 days was not affected by CaCO₃, but was decreased by aluminum sulfate. The CaCO₃ treatment increased the rate of ammonification, nitrification, reduction of acetylene to ethylene and methane formation, while with few exceptions the other treatments decreased the rate of the transformations studied. Aluminum sulfate, which has been proposed as a lake restoration treatment, increased ammonification but decreased most of the other transformations.     

The Loch Fleet Project in the Context of Acidification Reduction Measures

At Loch Fleet, and in other liming studies in similar environments, catchment liming is successful if an adequate amount of lime is added to hydrological source areas. Geochemical modelling demonstrates that the relatively late acidification of L. Fleet is consistent with the ameliorating effect of an alkaline groundwater input: the presence of this input implies that had the Loch not been limed in 1985 it would have recovered to conditions suitable for fish in about 20 years, given current commitments to sulphur emission reductions. Lakes without similar alkaline groundwater are not likely to recover as quickly. the different consequences of liming and emission reduction as methods of restoring acid waters are reviewed and contrasted. Restoration of waters by liming may result in some undesirable effects on the terrestrial catchment: these are discussed but it is concluded that catchment liming, used with discrimination, can be an acceptable management tool.     

腐殖酸对砂质土壤吸附Cr(VI)的影响

利用系列摇瓶振荡实验,研究了在砂质土壤介质中腐殖酸(HA)对Cr(VI)还原作用及增强土壤表面对其吸附的影响.通过改变反应接触时间、pH值、HA投加量等条件,确定了最佳吸附反应条件.结果表明:砂质土壤中存在HA时,可使Cr(VI)还原为毒性较小的Cr(Ⅲ),明显增强土壤对可溶态Cr离子的吸附能力,比同等条件下无HA的土壤吸附量增大1倍以上.一般整个反应过程约8 h即可达到稳定.pH值对Cr的还原和吸附有很大的影响,酸性条件下的吸附量比碱性条件可增大1倍,最佳pH值为2～4;当pH＞5时吸附能力急剧下降,pH=10时吸附去除量降为20%.有HA存在时砂质土壤土对Cr(VI)的吸附反应为一级动力学反应,K298=0.033 5 min-1,砂土对CrO2-4的等温吸附曲线较好地满足Langmuir公式.     

In-situ electrochemical measurements of total concentration and speciation of heavy metals in acid mine drainage (AMD): assessment of the use of anodic stripping voltammetry

We assessed the use of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) for in-situ determinations of both total concentration and speciation of dissolved heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in acid mine drainage (AMD). In the Kwangyang Au–Ag mine area of South Korea, different sites with varying water chemistry within an AMD were studied with a field portable anodic stripping voltammeter. Anodic stripping voltammetry after wet oxidation (acidification) was very sensitive enough to determine total concentration of dissolved Cd because Cd was dominantly present as ‘labile’ species, whilst the technique was not so effective for determining total Cu especially in the downstream sites from the retention pond, due to its complexation with organic matter. For dissolved Pb, the concentrations determined by ASV after wet oxidation generally agreed with those by ICP-AES. In the downstream samples (pH>5), however, ASV data after wet oxidation were lower than ICP-AES data because a significant fraction of dissolved Pb was present in those samples as ‘inert’ species associated with colloidal iron oxide particles. The determination of total dissolved Zn by ASV after wet oxidation appeared to be unsatisfactory for the samples with high Cu content, possibly due to the interference by the formation of Zn–Cu intermetallic compounds on the mercury coated electrode. In AMD samples with high dissolved iron, use of ultraviolet irradiation was not effective for determining total concentrations because humate destruction by UV irradiation possibly resulted in the removal of a part of dissolved heavy metals from waters through the precipitation of iron hydroxides.     

Decomposition of silicate minerals by Bacillus mucilaginosus in liquid culture

The extraction of K⁺ and SiO₂ from silicate minerals by Bacillus mucilaginosus in liquid culture was studied in incubation experiments. B. mucilaginosus was found to dissolve soil minerals and mica and simultaneously release K⁺ and SiO₂ from the crystal lattices. In contrast, the bacterium did not dissolve feldspar. B. mucilaginosus also produced organic acids and polysaccharides during growth. The polysaccharides strongly adsorbed the organic acids and attached to the surface of the mineral, resulting in an area of high concentration of organic acids near the mineral. The polysaccharides also adsorbed SiO₂ and this affected the equilibrium between the mineral and fluid phases and led to the reaction toward SiO₂ and K⁺ solubilization. These two processes led to the decomposition of silicate minerals by the bacterium.