响应面优化制备粉煤灰基PASC混凝剂性能与表征

研究了以粉煤灰为原料制备聚硅氯化铝（PASC）混凝剂的影响因素、产品性能和微观结构.选取A（碱化度）、B（n（Si）：n（Al））、C（聚合温度）和D（反应时间）对混凝高岭土模拟废水后透光率进行四因素三水平响应面实验.最终优化方案为：A为1.18,B为5.64,C为47.40℃,D为2.48h,透光率预测值达86.58%,验证试验均值相对误差仅为0.18%,模型相关系数为0.9984,表明RSM优化模型可靠.混凝剂性能随投加量增加而不断增加,最终趋于稳定;随废水pH值增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势.XRD分析PASC主要物相为氯化钠,非晶态衍射峰形成预示着浸出液和聚硅酸加碱聚合形成了新的无定形物;FT-IR测试表明聚硅酸与Al³⁺及其水解产物间络合形成了金属-OH等非离子键;SEM显示产品为高聚集度和枝化度的空间网状结构.     

Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights.Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution p H value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.     

从含铬铝泥中回收铝的新工艺

采用"打浆水洗除Cr(Ⅵ)—电渗析除Cr(Ⅵ)—碱浸提铝—碳酸化分解法精制Al_2O_3"的新工艺处理含铬铝泥(以下简称铝泥),并回收Al_2O_3。实验结果表明:铝泥在70℃下经3次打浆水洗后,w(Na_2CrO_4)(以干铝泥计)降至5.0%;采用电渗析除Cr(Ⅵ)工艺可有效去除铝泥中以结合态和结晶态形式存在的Na_2CrO_4,在55 V直流电压下电渗析6h后铝泥中的w(Na_2CrO_4)降至0.98%;在碱浸温度为100℃、碱浸时间为3 h、NaOH质量浓度为150 g/L的优化碱浸条件下,铝浸出率(以Al_2O_3计)高达90.0%;经3次碳酸化分解处理后,Al_2O_3产品的纯度达98.65%,满足GB/T 24487-2009《氧化铝》中的一级标准,Al_2O_3回收率为96.37%。     

城市污水厂污泥催化热水解制备聚合氯化铝铁

采用催化热水解分离城市污水厂污泥中的有机物和无机物,并将无机物制备成了聚合氯化铝铁。研究结果表明:在盐酸质量浓度为20%,反应时间为2 h,反应温度为90℃,固液比1∶3条件下,制备的液体聚合氯化铝铁的Al_2O_3含量为9.34%,Fe_2O_3含量为2.11%,盐基度为47.8%;制备的产品在城市污水处理中取得了较好处理效果。同时采用红外光谱(IR)技术对制备的聚合氯化铝铁的聚合形态进行表征。     

失效磷酸基化学抛光液的再生

采用氟铝酸钠沉淀法去除失效磷酸基化学抛光液中的铝杂质,并对溶液再生利用的工艺条件进行了研究.实验结果表明,在氢氧化钠和氢氟酸加入量与理论值的比均为1.2(即n(氢氧化钠):n(Al~(3+)):2:1、n(氢氟酸):n(Al~(3+))=28:5)的条件下,采用二步法过滤后,抛光液中磷酸质量分数大于50%,磷酸回收率为79.5%,Al~(3+)去除率为97.1%,剩余Al~(3+)质量分数为0.05%.滤渣经处理后成为新的有价物质,滤液在补加磷酸和其他有效成分后可再生循环使用.     

自然环境因素对铝合金大气腐蚀的影响性研究

目的 研究铝合金大气腐蚀受自然环境因素的影响性，探索环境因素对铝合金腐蚀的影响规律。方法 采用多层感知器神经网络分析环境因素对7种铝合金平均腐蚀速率的影响。结果 确定了影响铝合金腐蚀损伤的重要因素为SO2沉积率、Cl^–沉积率、NOx沉积率；辅要因素为年降雨量、年雾露时数、相对湿度、年日照时数、温度、铝合金成分；次要因素为年累积降水时数、雨水pH值。结论 基于多层感知器神经网络分析有效展现了环境因素对平均腐蚀速率的影响性。     

Leachate characteristics,dry matter yield of Urochloa decumbens and properties of two contrasting soils irrigated with sludgewater in columns

Increasing demands on freshwater and challenges in disposal of wastewaters encourage their use for irrigation. The study evaluated the effects of irrigation of signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) with sludgewater on leaching, uptake and retention of a range of elements in two contrasting soils in columns. The grass was grown on a sandy loam and a clay soil packed in plastic columns and irrigated for 119 days with either undiluted, diluted sludgewater or tap water. The sludgewater had a pH of 6.9 and high aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and boron (B). Analyses were conducted on leachates, above-ground plant biomass (two harvests), and soils at the end of the experiment. Sludgewater treatments increased grass biomass yield and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) in both soils with a greater nutrient uptake from the clay than the sandy loam. The application of sludgewater increased Mn and reduced P (sandy loam only) in the leachate with no effects on Al, Fe, or B. Uptake of Al, Fe, and B was increased by sludgewater application. Even when diluted, the sludgewater increased extractable Mn, particularly in the clay soil. The findings showed that irrigation of the soils with sludgewater increased Mn and B concentrations and uptake by signal grass, with no negative effects on biomass production. Leaching and accumulation in the soils of toxic elements were minimal in the short term. Sludgewater can therefore be used to grow signal grass in both soils although these effects need to be evaluated under field conditions.     

某铝厂熔铸项目职业病危害控制效果评价

采用职业卫生调查、职业卫生检测、检查表分析法等方法对某铝厂熔铸项目存在的职业病危害进行了识别、分析,提出了职业病危害防护措施方面的建议。     

CHANGE IN LAKE TROPHIC STATE AND INTERNAL PHOSPHORUS RELEASE AFTER ALUMINUM SULFATE APPLICATION1

ABSTRACT: Recovery of eutrophic lakes after nutrient diversion may be delayed if the lake experiences significant internal phosphorus (p) loading to the water column. A maximum dose of aluminum sulfate, defined herein, was applied to the anaerobic sediments of the hypolimnia of two dimictic Ohio lakes following septic tank diversion, with the objective of attaining long term control of the release of phosphorus to the water column from these sediments. The results were compared to a similar, downstream, untreated lake. Total phosphorus concentration declined sharply after treatment and has remained so through 1980 for both lakes, a period of 5 and 6 years of control, respectively. Internal P loading from anaerobic, hypolimnetic sediments was partially controlled by the treatment but there are other important sources, perhaps in the littoral zone, in these lakes. Algal biomass is Smaller and water transparency has increased. Both lakes became mesotrophic after treatment, as described by the Carlson (1977) trophic state index, and remain in that improved condition to date. No deleterious side effects were observed, although one lake experienced a significant decrease in diversity of planktonic microcrustacea and a lakeward extension of the macrophyte community. This method appears to be an effective and lasting means of accelerating the recovery of a eutrophic lake following nutrient diversion.     

化学污泥中铝盐混凝剂的回用

在自来水厂和污水处理厂中 ,铝盐作为混凝剂已得到了广泛的应用。在絮凝过程中所产生的化学污泥不仅体积大 ,而且还含有大量的铝盐 ,若不加以回用处理 ,会对环境产生不良影响。对几种铝盐污泥的回用方法进行了阐述 ,以便进一步探索综合利用含铝盐化学污泥的有效途径。