铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系

逆境条件下植物体内产生并累积活性氧从而破坏植物组织结构与功能,同时植物也可以通过改变活性氧代谢相关酶活性清除活性氧而减轻活性氧伤害以适应环境胁迫。为研究铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种(Triticum aestivum L.)在活性氧代谢上的差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系,本试验选用小麦品种ET8(耐铝型)、ES8(铝敏感型)为试验材料研究了不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢变化上的差异。结果表明,50μmol·L-1铝处理24h,ET8和ES8活性氧含量显著升高,O2·ˉ产生速率增幅分别为10.5%和20.4%,H2O2含量增幅分别为3.3%和7.6%。ET8和ES8超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增幅分别为11.9%和41.6%,过氧化物酶(POD)活性增幅为51.8%和77.8%,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性增幅为54.4%和29.1%,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增幅为32.9%和38.4%,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性增幅为83.1%和85.5%。虽然抗氧化酶活性增加后会清除一部分活性氧,但活性氧的累积仍然造成了膜脂的过氧化,ET8和ES8丙二醛(MDA)含量分别增加18.2%和50.0%,质膜透性也随着MDA含量的升高而增加,增幅分别为1.25倍和1.36倍。综上所述,不同耐铝品种间活性氧代谢的差异是小麦品种耐铝性差异显著的原因之一。     

铬菁R显色分光光度法测定水中铝

以铬菁R为显色剂、氯代十六烷基吡啶和曲力通X-100为双组分增敏剂,建立了测定水中Al³⁺的铬菁R显色分光光度法,并对实验条件进行了优化。实验结果表明：双组分增敏剂的引入,在提高测定灵敏度的同时也增强了测定选择性;在Al³⁺质量浓度为0.030~0.32 mg/L的范围内,校准曲线的线性关系良好,方法检出限为0.10 mg/L;精密度测定（n=6）的相对标准偏差小于3%,实际样品测定的加标回收率为97.8%~101%。本方法降低了试剂空白值,具有灵敏度高、精密度好、测定范围宽的特点,技术指标优于所有现行国家标准测定水中Al³⁺的分光光度法。     

CaCl2与纳米SiO2-聚硅酸铝铁复合混凝剂

采用CaCl₂和纳米SiO₂-聚硅酸铝铁复合混凝剂对含氟废水进行两步除氟。实验结果表明：ρ（ F^–）为 420.0 mg/L、pH为8.5的含氟废水经CaCl₂处理后ρ（ F^–）降至26.5 mg/L;在二级除氟pH为11.5、复合混凝剂加入量（复合混凝剂与废水体积比）为0.50%的最佳条件下处理60 min后废水中ρ（ F^–）降至5.7 mg/L,而采用聚合氯化铝（PAC）进行二级除氟时,ρ（ F^–）可降至8.7 mg/L,表明复合混凝剂比PAC的除氟效果更佳。复合混凝剂中自由离子和单体羟基配合物形态Al和Fe的含量相对较高,分别占76.5%和92.5%,而低聚合度的多核羟基配合物及高聚物形态Al和Fe的含量相对较低。     

应用气箱脉冲袋除尘器净化铝电解含氟烟气的实践与研究

介绍了改进型气箱脉冲袋除尘器在铝电解烟气净化工程上的成功应用,实践结果表明,在保证净化效果的前提下,采用改进型气箱脉冲袋除尘器作为净化设备,可使其一次投资、能耗、年维修费与其他型式布袋除尘器相比均有所降低,为铝电解烟气净化工程扩大了除尘器的选择范围.     

粉煤灰制聚合氯化铝铁和白碳黑新工艺

采用粉煤灰制备聚合氯化铝铁和白碳黑.该法共分一次酸浸、碱溶、焙烧、二次酸浸4个阶段.实验确定的最佳工艺条件为:一次酸浸阶段酸溶温度100℃,碱溶阶段m(氢氧化钠):m(活化高硅渣)=0.6,二次酸浸阶段m(碳酸钠):m(灰渣A)=0.8、盐酸质量分数20%.在此条件下Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)的总浸出率分别为96.54%和86.67%.主要产品聚合氯化铝铁的质量符合GB15892-2003<水处理剂聚氯化铝>的标准;产品白碳黑的质量符合GBl0517-89<沉淀二氧化硅>的标准.     

煅烧温度和添加剂对提高煤矸石中氧化铝溶出率的实验研究

煤矸石是煤炭在开采、洗选过程中产生的固体废弃物,其中二氧化硅、氧化铝和碳占到矸石总量的90%以上,又是一种可以利用的资源。实验以山西潞安煤矿的洗矸为原料,采用SEM、IR和XRD等分析测试手段对不同煅烧温度下的煤矸石进行微观形貌、化学键变化和矿物组成的分析研究,确定氧化铝的活化温度区间;并根据煤矸石的活化机理,选择提高氧化铝溶出率的添加剂。实验结果为：煤矸石中氧化铝的活化温度区间为600～850℃;酸浸过程中添加氟化钠可以打开煤矸石中的SiO₂—Al₂O₃,使氧化铝溶出率达到90%以上,和通常条件下氧化铝的溶出率相比提高20%左右。本研究为煤矸石高值利用提取氧化铝提供了技术基础,也为粉煤灰等低铝含量矿物的开发利用提供借鉴。     

微波消解逐时络合光度法快速测定聚合铝溶液中的总铝含量

聚合铝中的3种铝形态及其总铝含量的传统测定方法分别为Al-Ferron逐时络合光度法和EDTA络合滴定法．这2种方法各自存在着许多不足之处．将微波消解技术应用于逐时络合比色法以便快速测定聚合铝溶液中的总铝含量．研究表明：（1）Ferron混合显色液配制好后存放与否对测定结果的影响很大,用微波辐射处理Ferron混合显色液30s后即可使用,克服了传统光度法中必须存放5d的缺点;（2）微波消解极大地缩短了聚合铝与Ferron之间的解聚／络合反应时间,聚合铝显色溶液微波消解2min即可方便地定量测定铝盐水处理剂中的总铝含量,克服了传统络合滴定法的不足和烦琐．同时用改进的Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法验证了这种总铝测定方法的可行性．     

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water

This article focused on the influences of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water. Factors including the concentration of residual chlorine and pH value had been concerned. Aluminum species investigated in the experiments included inorganic mononuclear, organic mononuclear, mononuclear, polymer, soluble, and suspended forms. It was found that the e ects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation depended mainly on their molecular weight. Fulvic acid with molecular weight less than 5000 Dalton had little influence on aluminum speciation; while fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid would increase the concentration of soluble aluminum significantly even at concentration below 0.5 mg/L (calculated as TOC). Aluminum species, in the present of fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid, were more stable than that in the present of fluvic acid with molecular mass less than 5000 Dalton, and varied little with reaction time. Within pH range 6.5–7.5, soluble aluminum increased notably in water with organic matter. As the concentration of residual chlorine increased, the e ects of fulvic acid and humic acid became weak. The reactions between humic acid, fulvic acid with large molecular weight, and aluminum were considered to be a multi-dentate coordination process. With the consideration of aluminum bioavailability, reducing the concentration of fulvic acid and humic acid and keeping the pH value among 6.5–7.5 were recommended during drinking water treatment.     

Toxicity detection of sodium nitrite, borax and aluminum potassium sulfate using electrochemical method

Based on the inhibition effect on the respiratory chain activity of microorganisms by toxicants,an electrochemical method has been developed to measure the current variation of a mediator in the presence of microorganisms contacted with a toxicant.Microelectrode arrays were adopted in this study,which can accelerate the mass transfer rate of an analyte to the electrode and also increase the total current signal,resulting in an improvement in detection sensitivity.We selected Escherichia coli as the testee and the standard glucoseglutamic acid as an exogenous material.Under oxygen restriction,the experiments in the presence of toxicant were performed at optimum conditions(solution pH 7.0,37°C and reaction for 3 hr).The resulting solution was then separated from the suspended microorganisms and was measured by an electrochemical method,using ferricyanide as a mediator.The current signal obtained represents the reoxidation of ferrocyanide,which was transformed to inhibiting efficiency,IC 50,as a quantitative measure of toxicity.The IC 50 values measured were 410,570 and 830mg/L for sodium nitrite,borax and aluminum potassium sulfate,respectively.The results show that the toxicity sequence for these three food additives is consistent with the value reported by other methods.Furthermore,the order of damage degree to the microorganism was also observed to be:sodium nitrite > borax > aluminum potassium sulfate > blank,according to the atomic force microscopy images of E.coli after being incubated for 3 hr with the toxic compound in buffer solutions.The electrochemical method is expected to be a sensitive and simple alternative to toxicity screening for chemical food additives.     

铝粉分散过程中粒径效应的三维数值研究

为了研究不同粒径的铝粉在20 L爆炸测试装置中的分散规律,基于计算模型的非结构网格划分,耦合欧拉和拉格朗日方法,实现了描述可压缩气体演化的时间平均Navier-Stokes方程组和粒子运动的DPM动量平衡方程的求解,获得了不同粒径（25,50和100 μm）的铝粉在20 L爆炸仓内分散的三维时空演化规律。研究结果表明:铝粉粒径的差异对爆炸仓点火中心的湍动能和速度的演化过程影响不显著,但对粉尘浓度的变化率和峰值均具有重要影响;随着粒径的增大,峰值浓度越小,但均高于形式浓度0.25 kg/m3,达到峰值浓度的时间越滞后。