Challenges against CO2 abatement strategies in cement industry: A review

Cement industry is an intensive source of fuel consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. This industry is responsible for 5% of GHGs emissions and is among the top industrial sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Therefore, CO₂ emissions reduction from cement production process has been always an appealing subject for researches in universities and industry. Various efforts have been carried out to mitigate the huge mass of CO₂ emissions from the cement industry. Although, majority of these strategies are technically viable, due to various barriers, the level of CO₂ mitigation in cement industry is still not satisfactory. Among numerous researches on this topic, only a few have tried to answer why CO₂ abatement strategies are not globally practiced yet. This work aims to highlight the challenges and barriers against widespread and effective implementation of CO₂ mitigation strategies in the cement industry and to propose practical solutions to overcome such barriers.     

空间信息在造纸资源环境承载力分析中的应用

空间信息技术是近年来迅速发展的以获取、管理、分析与时空相关的地理信息为主的技术体系。资源环境承载力研究是针对一定时空范围内资源环境综合条件进行评价的一门新兴学科。随着我国经济的发展,资源、环境和造纸行业发展之间的问题越来越受到关注。文章在造纸行业资源环境承载力分析基础上,将遥感技术、地理信息技术相结合,提出空间信息技术在造纸行业资源环境承载力分析中的应用模式。并以海南省造纸行业资源环境承载力分析为实例探讨具体应用。     

上海市专项化学品制造行业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势研究

选取上海市某工业区内专项化学品制造行业中有代表性的10家企业,使用苏玛罐对各企业有组织排放废气进行采样,通过GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱联用仪）对106种VOCs进行分析,研究了专项化学品制造行业的VOCs排放特征,并使用MIR（最大增量反应活性）法计算了各企业排放VOCs对臭氧生成的贡献.结果表明:OVOCs（含氧挥发性有机物）和芳香烃是专项化学品制造行业的VOCs特征组分,OVOCs与芳香烃质量分数之和为65.0%~100.0%;8家企业排放的VOCs中质量分数最高的物种均为OVOCs,w（OVOCs）为55.8%~99.9%.异丙醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等OVOCs及苯、甲苯等芳香烃是专项化学品制造行业的特征物种.10家企业排放VOCs的OFP（臭氧生成潜势）为1.9~933.5 mg/m 3,OVOCs和芳香烃是专项化学品制造企业的主要活性组分,累计对OFP的贡献率在80.1%~100.0%之间.异丙醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲基异丁基酮、苯和甲苯等是专项化学品制造行业的关键活性物种.研究显示,专项化学品制造行业VOCs污染治理应重点控制OVOCs和芳香烃.      

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水应急预处理工艺筛选

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水具有成分复杂、高有机物、高氨氮、高毒性等特点.本文针对该爆炸事故污水难处理的特点,选择了粉末活性炭-活性污泥（PAC-AS）、活性炭吸附、水解酸化-A²O 3种工艺开展预处理研究.结果表明,PAC-AS工艺可显著去除事故污水中的有机污染物;总有机碳去除率达到96.50%,比另外两种工艺分别高77.68%和11.41%;而氨氮去除率为65.03%,比另外两种工艺分别高51.37%和3.92%.PAC-AS工艺成功应用于事故污水处理工程,实现了全部20580.00 m³事故污水的妥善预处理,累计削减COD 21260.71 kg、氨氮209.41 kg,且出水水质稳定.     

有色矿业区耕作土壤、蔬菜和大米中重金属污染

有色金属矿业区周边土壤重金属污染严重,对我国生态环境质量、食品安全和人体健康构成了一定威胁,研究典型矿业区周边复合污染地带的土壤环境质量及其食物安全对促进其可持续发展具有深远的意义。从湖南省的长沙、株洲、衡阳、郴州等有色金属矿业区收集耕作土壤、蔬菜和大米样品,结合主成分分析、聚类分析和相关分析,研究其中重金属元素的累积和迁移特征,评估蔬菜和大米中重金属元素对人体健康的潜在危害程度。研究结果表明,耕作土壤中主要重金属污染元素为Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn等;主成分分析表明,菜地土中第一主成分主要反映了Pb、Zn、Cd、As的复合污染信息以及与土壤pH的相关关系;水稻土中第一主成分主要反映了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的复合污染信息;聚类分析进一步阐明耕作土壤以Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn为主的复合污染特征。研究区蔬菜中Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Cr含量,大米中Cd、Pb和Zn含量均明显超过我国食品卫生标准;蔬菜中Cd、Pb、As和大米中Cd、Pb对人体健康的潜在危害较大。     

江苏沿海化工快速发展下区域生态风险评价模型研究

区域生态风险评价是区域建立生态风险预警机制,实现有效生态风险管理的基础,而其中区域生态风险评价模型的构建是关键。本研究在分析江苏沿海化工风险源及危害性、风险受体以及风险相应能力的基础上,根据科学性、可操作性、动态性与静态性相结合、定性与定量相结合以及因地制宜的原则,选取代表性强、表征明显、简明且易于统计量化的要素和因子,在传统数学模式的基础上,运用系统动力学、景观生态学以及GIS分析、引入区域化工风险压力、化工园区风险度、区域环境敏感指数等指数,采用Delphi、AHP法构建了包括化工风险压力指数、区域环境状态指数、区域生态风险管理指数的区域化工生态风险的多指标综合评价模型。建立的评价模型为研究区域尺度政策实施的生态风险状态及发展趋势提供了一种思路。     

某工业区夏季环境空气质量变化的小波分析

小波分析可以分解出时-频信号,因此适用于对时变信号的局部分析.基于此,小波分析已在包括环境科学等多个领域中得到广泛应用.运用Daubenchies小波,对某工业区2002年和2004年夏季环境空气中SO2浓度进行了分析.结果表明,引起该工业区2004年夏季SO2浓度上升的主导因素是大范围时空尺度环境空气质量的变化;而该工业区内部局地污染源的污染贡献率下降,表明其环境综合整治取得了成效.     

Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Once they have been generated, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can persist in soils and sediments and in waste repositories for periods extending from decades to centuries. In 1994, the US EPA concluded that contaminated sites and other reservoirs are likely to become the major source of contemporary pollution problems with these substances. With this in mind, this article is the first in a new series in ESPR under the title 'Case Studies on Dioxin and POP Contaminated Sites--Contemporary and Future Relevance and Challenges', which will address this important issue. The series will document various experiences from sites contaminated with PCDD/F and other POPs. This article provides an overview of the content of the articles comprising the series. In addition, it provides a review of the subject in its own right and identifies the key issues arising from dioxin/POP-contaminated sites. Additionally, it highlights the important conclusions that can be drawn from these examples. The key aim of this article and of the series as a whole is to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of PCDD/F contaminated sites that exist as a result of historical activities. It details the various processes whereby these sites became contaminated and attempts to evaluate their contemporary relevance as sources of PCDD/Fs and other POPs. It also details the various strategies used to assess these historical legacies of contamination and the concepts developed, or which are under development, to effect their remediation. MAIN FEATURES: Special sessions on 'Contaminated sites--Cases, remediation, risk and policy' were held at the DIOXIN conferences in 2006 and 2007, and this theme will be continued at DIOXIN 2008 to be held in Birmingham. Selected cases from the approximately 70 contributions made to these sessions, together with some additional invited case studies are outlined together with the key issues they raise. By evaluating these cases and adding details of experiences published in the current literature, an overview will be given of the different features and challenges of dioxin and POP-contaminated sites. RESULTS: This article provides a systematic categorisation of types of PCDD/F and POP-contaminated sites. These are categorised according to the chemical or manufacturing process, which generated the PCDD/Fs or POPs and also includes the use and disposal aspects of the product life cycle in question. The highest historical PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination burdens have arisen as a result of the production of chlorine and of chlorinated organic chemicals. In particular, the production of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and the related contaminated waste streams are identified being responsible for historical releases of toxic equivalents (TEQs) at a scale of many tonnes. Along with such releases, major PCDD/F contaminated sites have been created through the application or improper disposal of contaminated pesticides, PCBs and other organochlorine chemicals, as well through the recycling of wastes and their attempted destruction. In some extreme examples, PCDD/F contaminated sites have also resulted from thermal processes such as waste incinerators, secondary metal industries or from the recycling or deposition of specific waste (e.g. electronic waste or car shredder wastes), which often contain chlorinated or brominated organic chemicals. The examples of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB contamination of fish in European rivers or the impact of contaminated sites upon fishing grounds and upon other food resources demonstrate the relevance of these historical problems to current and future human generations. Many of the recent food contamination problems that have emerged in Europe and elsewhere demonstrate how PCDD/F and dioxin like PCBs from historical sources can directly contaminate human and animal feedstuffs and indeed highlight their considerable contemporary relevance in this respect. Accordingly, some key experiences and lessons learnt regarding the production, use, disposal and remediation of POPs from the contaminated sites are summarised. DISCUSSION: An important criterion for evaluating the significance and risks of PCDD/Fs and other POPs at contaminated sites is their present or future potential for mobility. This, in turn, determines to a large degree their propensity for off-site transport and environmental accessibility. The detailed evaluation of contaminated site cases reveals different site-specific factors, which influence the varied pathways through which poor water-soluble POPs can be mobilised. Co-contaminants with greater water solubility are also typically present at such sites. Hence, pumping of groundwater (pump and treat) is often required in addition to attempting to physically secure a site. At an increasing number of contaminated sites, securing measures are failing after relatively short time spans compared to the time horizon, which applies to persistent organic pollutant contamination. Due to the immense costs and challenges associated with remediation of contaminated sites 'monitored natural attenuation' is increasingly gaining purchase as a conceptual remediation approach. However, these concepts may well prove limited in their practical application to contaminated sites containing persistent organic pollutants and other key pollutants like heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: It is inevitable, therefore, that dioxin/POP-contaminated sites will remain of contemporary and future relevance. They will continue to represent an environmental issue for future generations to address. The securing and/or remediation of dioxin/POP-contaminated sites is very costly, generally in the order of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Secured landfills and secured production sites need to be considered as constructions not made for 'eternity' but built for a finite time scale. Accordingly, they will need to be controlled, supervised and potentially repaired/renewed. Furthermore, the leachates and groundwater impacted by these sites will require ongoing monitoring and potential further remediation. These activities result in high maintenance costs, which are accrued for decades or centuries and should, therefore, be compared to the fully sustainable option of complete remediation. The contaminated site case studies highlight that, while extensive policies and established funds for remediation exist in most of the industrialised western countries, even these relatively well-regulated and wealthy countries face significant challenges in the implementation of a remediation strategy. This highlights the fact that ultimately only the prevention of contaminated sites represents a sustainable solution for the future and that the Polluter Pays Principle needs to be applied in a comprehensive way to current problems and those which may emerge in the future. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: With the continuing shift of industrial activities in developing and transition economies, which often have poor regulation (and weak self-regulation of industries), additional global challenges regarding POPs and other contaminated sites may be expected. In this respect, a comprehensive application of the "polluter pays principle" in these countries will also be a key to facilitate the clean-up of contaminated areas and the prevention of future contaminated sites. The threats and challenges of contaminated sites and the high costs of securing/remediating the problems highlight the need for a comprehensive approach based upon integrated pollution prevention and control. If applied to all polluting (and potentially polluting) industrial sectors around the globe, such an approach will prove to be both the cheapest and most sustainable way to underpin the development of industries in developing and transition economies.     

中药类制药工业污染物排放自行监测方案编制要点

分析了中药类制药工业企业自行监测方案的编制依据,以及中药制药生产工艺类型和污染排放特征,在此基础上确定了其污染物排放自行监测方案和周边环境质量影响监测方案的主要内容。针对废水、废气、噪声3类主要污染因子,明确了监测点位、监测指标、监测频次设定的注意事项,以及自行监测相关信息记录的内容要求。     

发达国家洗涤行业节能减排的经验介绍

在全球节能减排的宏观政策之下,我国洗涤行业的逐步发展与壮大应符合国家节能减排的整体方向和目标,加强节能减排意识,实施有关节能减排的措施,走可持续发展的道路.本文通过对国外发达国家洗涤行业节能减排的政策、方法和经验的了解和学习,结合我国洗涤行业的实际特点,旨在找到适合我国洗涤行业的可持续发展道路.研究表明,虽然我国洗涤行业还处于快速扩大发展的初期,但我国可以根据自身的具体情况有选择性地借鉴国外发展和节能减排的经验和方法,在此基础上,结合具体实际特点,开拓创新,开发出适合我国洗涤行业的可持续发展道路,在快速扩大发展的同时,与其他行业和领域一同为实现我国的节能减排目标而努力.