活性焦吸附对反渗透浓水膜蒸馏减排工艺的影响

本研究采用膜蒸馏(MD)技术,对煤化工废水2套处理工艺——(1)\"混凝-超滤(UF)-反渗透(RO)工艺\"和(2)\"混凝-活性焦(AC)吸附-超滤-反渗透工艺\"的RO浓水进行浓缩。通过对比分析MD的膜通量、产水水质以及膜污染等指标,重点考察AC吸附预处理对后续MD工艺的影响。结果表明,AC吸附作为前置膜处理工艺,可有效降低污染物在膜表面的沉积,减少膜润湿现象,并提高膜通量。GC-MS分析表明,AC能有效吸附废水中的酮类、醇类、酯类以及杂环类等挥发性有机物,降低MD过程中挥发至产水侧的有机物浓度,从而提高MD产水水质。     

废锌锰电池真空蒸馏法去除汞的研究

废锌锰电池回收利用中的正交实验,研究蒸馏温度、系统压强和蒸馏时间对去除汞的综合影响;寻找去除汞的最优工艺条件.根据实验结果,使用真空蒸馏的方法处理锌锰电池优化的工艺参数为:蒸馏温度500～600℃,蒸馏时间60～80 min,系统压强3000～7000 Pa.     

挥发酚的蒸馏损失

回收率实验表明,苯酚经预蒸馏后平均回收率在95%左右,损失率达5%.现提出应用经验系数0.95来修正蒸馏过程带来的损失,结果令人满意.     

Revised emergency vacuum relief device sizing for atmospheric distillation systems

Conventional vacuum relief methodologies are usually protective responses; that is, they accomplish their purpose by substitution of an inert gas (usually nitrogen) for the process gases removed by an external vacuum source, or for condensable vapour collapsed by an internal process mechanism (e.g. condensation). While this approach is theoretically possible for all potential vacuum scenarios, it becomes practically impossible to implement for installations where a rapid phase change can impart near-instantaneous system pressure reductions. The procedure outlined in this paper takes a preventive approach: eliminate the source of vacuum generation before the safe lower system pressure limit is reached. For distillation and other refluxing systems, this vacuum source is usually the main overhead condenser, which is designed to collapse large volumes of condensable vapour. To eliminate the vacuum source requires elimination of the system's ability to rapidly condense vapour. This goal is accomplished by introduction of inert gas directly into the condensing system to ‘blanket’ the heat transfer surface and stop condensation. The procedure determines the rate, amount and location for introduction of inert gas. The required design data include: (i) system starting pressure, (ii) maximum allowable system vacuum, (iii) volume of the condensing system, and (iv) normal system condensing rate. By determining the rate at which the condenser removes vapour volume from the system, and designing an inert gas delivery system to meet or exceed this rate, the vacuum generation potential of the system is effectively eliminated using a much smaller quantity of inert gas than with the more traditional volume substitution methods.     

Enhanced solar still productivity using transparent walls with an integral trough and organic porous absorber material

This experimental work has been conducted to compare the performance of the modified stills with that of the conventional still. Three modified stills (S1, S2, and S3) and conventional still (S4) were fabricated, each with 0.5 m² of the basin area. S1 and S3 had transparent double glass walls with air in between acting as insulation, whereas S2 has a single transparent wall. S4 has insulated plywood walls painted black from inside. A mixture of coco peat and charcoal was used in S1, S2, and S3, whereas there was no basin material for S4. Experiments were conducted by changing the water quantity in the solar still ranging from 5 to 10 kg. Maximum distillate output of 5.46 l/m²-d was obtained for S2, whereas it was 3.80 l/m²-d for S4 for an average solar radiation intensity of 675 W/m² (24.3 MJ/m²-d). Use of transparent walls with troughs to collect condensate increased the condenser area by 78.4%. The distillate water cost per liter was estimated as Rs. 0.86 (0.013 US$) and Rs. 1.61 (0.025 US$) for S2 and S4, respectively. Energy payback time for S2 was estimated as 4 months. Theoretical and experimental values showed that there is a significant loss of incoming solar radiation due to wall shadow.     

苯甲酸重副产物的脱色处理

为了有效去除苯甲酸重副产物中含有的交联大分子和碳化物等有色杂质,降低有用组分资源化处理的难度,分别采用吸附和蒸馏两种方法对苯甲酸重副产物进行脱色处理。实验结果表明：大孔树脂、硅藻土、活性炭等作脱色剂不能有效去除苯甲酸重副产物中的有色杂质;在真空度0．093～0．095MPa、蒸馏温度220～240℃条件下进行蒸馏脱色,当温度出现回落时停止蒸馏,平均馏出率为66．99％;蒸馏脱色得到的轻组分颜色呈黄色,可满足中和、酸化、结晶、回收苯甲酸的要求;釜残物可作为燃料通过焚烧利用其热能。     

从水溶液中分离回收醋酸方法的评述

评述了从水溶液中分离回收醋酸的普通精馏法、共沸精馏法、酯化法和溶剂萃取法，具体分析了各种方法 特点及适用范围。建议在工业上对较高浓度的醋酸用低沸点溶剂萃取－共沸精馏联合法，对低浓度醋酸溶液采用有机胺溶剂萃取法进行分离。     

真空膜蒸馏处理发制品废水

采用聚丙烯平板膜组件,利用真空膜蒸馏处理发制品废水。考察了进料温度（45.0~70.0 ℃）、进料流量（60~150 L/h）、透过侧真空度（10.0~85.0 kPa）、废水pH、表面活性剂对膜性能的影响。在冷却水流量60 L/h、进料流量120 L/h、进料温度60.0 ℃、透过侧真空度75.0 kPa、废水pH约1.5的条件下,分别对实际发制品废水和模拟发制品废水进行了36 h的运行测试。实验结果表明：两种废水的平均膜渗透通量分别为32.09 kg/（m²·h）和32.66 kg/（m²·h）,截留率分别保持在99.54%和99.83%以上;产水的pH约为6.8,COD和TDS几乎为0,完全满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978—1996）中的二级排放标准。     

老化油处理技术研究进展

老化油是石油工业生产过程中产生的含大量化学药剂、水、黏土及无机盐的状态稳定的复杂乳液,其产生量大、处理难度高。介绍了老化油的来源、成分、数量、对生产的危害、特点及处理难点,总结了老化油现有的处理方法,包括物理法、化学法、生物法及组合工艺,分析了各种方法的优缺点,并对老化油的管理和研究方向提出了建议。