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81.
于2017年3月—2018年5月在广州市南沙港区选取不同吨位的5艘船舶进行登船实测,建立了基于燃油消耗的排放因子.结果表明,船舶辅机CO2排放因子为(3085±439)~(3195±121) g·kg-1,CO排放因子为(5.50±1.33)~(26.10±8.90) g·kg-1,TVOC排放因子为(0.29±0.02)~(1.68±0.06) g·kg-1,PM2.5排放因子为(0.56±0.09)~(12.50±3.11) g·kg-1,NOx排放因子为(19.20±4.12)~(83.30±11.80) g·kg-1,基于燃油消耗量,估算2017年广州港船舶停泊工况辅助发动机SO2、CO、TVOC、PM2.5和NOx排放总量分别为736、(794±209)、(46.40±2.39)、(223.0±49.4)和(3237±698) t.船舶引擎功率对排放CO、TVOC和PM2.5影响显著,引擎功率较低的船舶以上3种大气污染物排放因子更高.从吨位而言,≥10000总吨的船舶对SO2、CO、TVOC和NOx 4种大气污染物的排放分担率均超过50%,≤2999总吨的船舶则对PM2.5的排放分担率最高.从船舶类型而言,分担率最高的是集装箱船,分别占SO2、CO、TVOC、PM2.5和NOx排放总量的43.8%、30.8%、41.4%、16.3%和40.9%,此外,散货船、其他货船、顶推拖船和油船对排放量的分担率也较高,以上5种船舶占到了各类大气污染物排放总量的90%. 相似文献
82.
83.
Since the last decade the WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality Management and Air Pollution Control, Berlin, Germany, operates a quality assurance and control (QA/QC) programme on air quality monitoring in the WHO European Region. As main activity Intercomparison workshops have been established for air monitoring network laboratories on a regular basis to harmonise air quality measurements, analysis and calibration techniques. 36 air hygiene laboratories of public health and environmental institutions of 24 countries participated in twelve Intercomparisons between 1994 and 2004. The majority was carried out for NO, NO2, SO2 and O3. The results were predominantly satisfactory for automatic methods. The results of manual methods were mainly in a good, and for several concentration levels partly very good accordance with the data obtained by the monitors. 相似文献
84.
R. Achiron MD Z. Gottlieb Y. Yaron M. Gabbay U. Gabbay S. Lipitz S. Mashiach 《黑龙江环境通报》1995,15(2):155-160
Our objective was to establish nomograms for fetal eye measurements from 12 weeks' gestation by using transvaginal and transabdominal high-resolution ultrasound techniques. A prospective cross-sectional study was performed on 450 normal singleton pregnancies between 12 and 37 weeks' gestation. Vitreous and lens circumferences were measured by transvaginal ultrasonography until 17 weeks, and by abdominal ultrasound between 18 and 37 weeks' gestation. Regression analyses were used to create nomograms, and several transformations were done to obtain linearity. Eye measurements of 12 fetuses at risk for ocular disturbances were plotted on the constructed nomograms. Linear relationships were fitted between vitreous (r2=0.79) and lens (r2=0.88) circumferences and gestational age. In addition, there was a significant correlation between these measurements and the biparietal diameter. Data of the fetuses at risk showed that disturbances in ocular growth were associated mainly with abnormal cerebral development. These normative data may be helpful in the prenatal diagnosis of suspected congenital syndromes that include, among their manifestations, ocular growth disturbances such as microphthalmos and anophthalmos. 相似文献
85.
Hubert Trzaska 《The Environmentalist》2005,25(2-4):181-185
Summary The paper discusses several aspects of the practical application of the SAR. It is shown that the unit is an ideal solution
for basic research and laboratory experiments. SAR is directly nonmeasurable unit. Although methods and devices based upon
indirect SAR measurements may widen our knowledge about EM energy distribution and absorption within a body. It is shown that
for practical applications the temperature SAR measurement methods are not sensitive enough while methods based upon E(H) measurement are less accurate than traditional approaches. As a result of assumption SAR = 4 W/kg as a basic restriction
the present protection standards are illogical and nonrealiazable. A return to traditional units (E, H, S) in the standards
and surveying metrology is suggested. 相似文献
86.
Kim Y. S. Iwasaka Y. Shi G.-Y. Shen Z. Trochkine D. Matsuki A. Zhang D. Shibata T. Nagatani M. Nakata H. 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2003,3(2):147-159
Vertical changes of aerosol concentration and size in the freetroposphere over the Asian desert areas were firstly observed using a balloon-borne optical particle counter at DunHuang, China (40°00N, 94°30E) (17 August and 17 October 2001, and 11 January 2002). In the free troposphere highly concentrated aerosol layers were frequentlyobserved, suggesting the importance of regional scale particletransportation over the Asian continent. Concentration ofparticles with a diameter larger than 0.15 m was about 5–10particles cm-3 in the free troposphere.Particle number-size distribution in the free troposphereshows important contribution of super micron particles. Regionalscale transportation, in addition to diffusion of soil particlesfrom the lower atmosphere to the free troposphere through localand small scale air motions, is suggested by backward trajectoryanalysis of air masses containing super micron particles. The importance of horizontal transport of coarse size particles in the free troposphere was strongly suggested.Thickness of the boundary mixing layer, from distributions ofparticle concentration, was about 4 km in summer (17 August 2001)and apparently higher than the height of layers in fall (17 October2001) and in winter (11 January 2002), which suggest an active mixingof particles near the boundary in summer. In winter measurement(11 January 2002), strong inversion was found in the vertical profile of temperature, suggesting cold ground surface and vertically stable atmosphere near the ground. 相似文献
87.
88.
大气气溶胶无机组成的FTIR测定及与离子色谱分析的比较 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪,固体制样方式,对北京市中关村地区的气溶胶样品中的无机组成进行了分析,并对气溶胶样品中的SO4^2-,NH4^+和NO3^-进行了定量测定,为检验FTIR测定法的可靠性,将FTIR法与离子色谱的测定结果进行了对照分析,结果表明,SO4^2-和NH4^的FTIR测定结果与离子色谱有较好的相关性。 相似文献
89.
In the terrestrial environment, standardized protocols are available for measuring the exposure and effects of contaminants to invertebrates, but none currently exist for vertebrates. In an effort to address this, we proposed that developing lizard embryos may be used as a terrestrial vertebrate model. Lizard eggs may be particularly susceptible to soil contamination and in ovo exposure may affect hatchling size, mortality, as well as thyroid function. Toxicant-induced perturbations of thyroid function resulting from in ovo chemical exposure may result in toxicity during the critical perinatal period in reptiles. Fertilized Eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) eggs were placed in cadmium (Cd)-spiked expanded perlite (0, 1.48, 14.8, 148, 1480, 14 800 μg Cd/g, nominal concentrations), artificially incubated at 28 °C, and examined daily for mortality. Whole lizard hatchlings as well as failed hatches were homogenized in ethanol and the homogenate was divided for Cd body residue analysis and thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)) analyses. Acute mortality was observed in the two highest doses (1480 and 14 800 μg Cd/g). Cadmium body residues showed a higher internal concentration with increasing exposure concentration indicating uptake of Cd. There was a decrease in T3:T4 ratio at the highest surviving dose (148 μg Cd/g), however, there were no differences observed in hatchling size measured as weight and snout-vent length, or in whole body thyroid hormone levels. In summary, this study has shown Cd amended to a solid phase representing soil (perlite) can traverse the thin, parchment-like shell membrane of the fence lizard egg and bioaccumulate in lizard embryos. We believe this study is a good first step in investigating and evaluating this species for use as a model. 相似文献
90.
In this paper results concerning project of an atmospheric monitoring network applied to an area of south of Italy carried out using chemical measurement campaigns (for traffic emissions characterisation couple with diffusional simulation of industrial pollutant emissions will be presented. The area selected is characterised by an high concentration of high environmental impacting industrial activities, with also high concentration of urban settlement and vehicular traffic. A comprehensive definition of all the monitoring system to be installed in order to have a correct monitoring system for the all province will be described and discussed. 相似文献