Methane fluxes from artificial wetlands: A global appraisal

Methane emissions make an important contribution to the enhanced greenhouse effect, emissions from rice growing being one of its major anthropogenic sources. The estimation of global fluxes of methane from rice and from coarse fiber production depends on extrapolating observed data across countries and agroclimatic zones: the estimates are therefore imprecise. We present a revised estimate of global emissions of 96 Tg CH₄/yr, given 1991 rice areas, and 1991 production data for those tropical coarse fibers that also produce methane under anaerobic conditions. This is higher than many previous studies, which systematically underestimated the fluxes from tropical countries. As the world's population increases, the demand for rice will rise. This demand can only be satisfied through greater rice production, either by bringing new areas into rice growing or by using the present area more intensively. Strategies based on improved water management and fertilizer use will allow increased rice production and yields and reduce the methane flux per unit or rice production.     

腈氯纶吸附纤维对亚甲基蓝和铅离子的共吸附行为研究

采用无机活性炭与丙烯腈-偏氯乙烯共聚体共混,以二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂纺制了腈氯纶吸附纤维,并用水合肼控制预交联过程,通过碱性水解制得羧酸钠型离子交换吸附纤维,着重考察了该纤维在染料亚甲基蓝和重金属Pb2 混合共存条件下对2种物质的共吸附行为.结果表明,混合条件下,该纤维对亚甲基蓝和Pb2 的吸附量可分别达到9.5 mg·g-1和487.8 mg·g-1;活性炭对亚甲基蓝的物理吸附与改性纤维对Pb2 的离子交换过程同时发生,离子交换的发生对物理吸附的影响较大;Langmuir模式比Freundlich模式更适于描述Pb2 的等温吸附过程;随着温度的升高,纤维的物理吸附能力增强,而对Pb2 的离子交换性能变化不大;pH为中性条件时,纤维对Pb2 和亚甲基蓝的吸附量均达到最大.     

甲苯气体的动态吸附净化及吸附剂再生实验研究

研究了活性炭纤维(ACF)对甲苯气体的动态吸附净化过程及热空气解吸脱附再生过程.采用3种经验方程对ACF的吸附等温线进行拟合,其中Langmuir方程拟合效果最好,拟合相关系数R2 =0.9960,说明在给定的浓度范围内,ACF对甲苯的吸附是以单分子层吸附为主.穿透曲线实验表明,ACF对甲苯吸附效果较好,Yoon-Ne...     

Paper fibers as a carbon source for the de novo formation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans

The formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from carbon that was produced by the pyrolysis of paper fibers and from wood charcoal was investigated experimentally. Fibers obtained from filter paper were pyrolyzed at 300° and 800°C to produce low- and high-temperature carbon samples. The two types of carbon and wood charcoal were mixed with silica (SiO₂) and trace copper oxide to produce three synthetic fly ash samples. Experiments to measure the formation of PCCDs/Fs from the three ash samples were conducted using a bench-scale reactor. The two carbon samples derived from paper fibers generated more PCDDs/Fs than was generated by the wood charcoal. The PCDDs/Fs generated by the low-temperature carbon and by the wood charcoal were dominated by the lower-chlorinated PCDFs. Such unique homologue distribution patterns are very similar to those generated by the open burning of household waste. The high-temperature carbon generated more highly chlorinated PCDDs/Fs. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the de novo formation of PCDDs/Fs from residual carbon is discussed. Paper and paper products contained in household waste are likely to be the source of unburned carbon that contributes to high PCDD/F emissions in the open burning of household waste.     

阴极电场增强活性炭纤维-臭氧体系去除水中硝基苯

通过对电流强度、反应液初始pH值、电解质种类及浓度等因素分析,探究了电增强活性炭纤维-臭氧体系对水中硝基苯的去除效果和机制.结果表明,与活性炭纤维-臭氧体系比较,电增强活性炭纤维-臭氧体系对硝基苯的去除效率显著提升.电增强活性炭纤维-臭氧体系中电流强度对体系影响不显著,臭氧浓度对水中硝基苯的去除效率有一定影响,反应初始液的pH值对活性炭纤维催化臭氧体系的影响较大.水中无机盐如硫酸钠、硝酸钠及氯化钠的存在会抑制活性炭纤维催化臭氧.此外,单独臭氧对活性炭纤维有破坏作用,降低了活性炭纤维对反应的促进效果,外加阴极电场时,不仅活性炭纤维对有机物的去除效果显著提升,而且保证了活性炭纤维结构不被臭氧所破坏.     

Fabrication of supported acid catalytic composite fibers by a simple and low-cost method and their application on the synthesis of liquid biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural

In this paper, sulfonic groups functionalized annealed bio-based carbon microspheres loaded polytetrafluoroethylene (A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE) fibers with high activity, high stability, and easy regeneration were successfully fabricated by a simple method using low-cost raw materials. The characterization results showed that the annealed biomass carbon microspheres derived from waste Camellia oleifera shells were evenly distributed on the polytetrafluoroethylene fibers and the sulfonic groups can be successfully loaded on the surface of annealed biomass carbon microspheres by room temperature sulfonation. Subsequently, the as-prepared A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE fibers were applied to the acid-catalyzed synthesis of liquid biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural. The catalytic experiment results indicated that the annealing temperature and time during catalyst preparation have a significant effect on the activity and selectivity of A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE fibers. The results of catalytic reaction kinetics showed that the yield of 5-ethoxymethylfurfural can reach more than 60％after 72 h of acid-catalyzed reaction. The stability test showed that the as-prepared A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE fibers still maintained a stable acid catalytic activity after four recycles.     

Cleaning of water contaminated by heavy metals using beetroot fibers as biofilter

We report for the first time the use of beetroot fibers to eliminate heavy metals from polluted water. This biomass is used to remove lead, copper and zinc ions. The kinetics and beetroot fibers fixation capacities of lead, zinc and copper according to various physico‐chemical parameters such as pH, and the concentration of metal solutions were studied. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory column with fixed bed. For kinetic studies, samples of metal solutions were taken at regular intervals and measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. pH at 6.6 shows a maximum retention of the above cited metals by beetroot fibers (98%, 92%, 90% respectively). Quantity of cations retained by this biomass in simple and mixture solution is respectively estimated to be 23.6, 14.02 and 14.64 mg/g. Results indicate the usefulness of this biomass in the remediation of water contaminated by heavy metals by a rapid, practical and efficient method.     

Use of beetroot fibers to clean water contaminated with heavy metals,to soften hard water,and to desalinate seawater

In this article we describe the use of beetroot fibers in treating water contaminated with heavy metals, in softening hard water, and in desalinating seawater. The study was carried out with either beetroot fibers or powdered fibers using a laboratory column with a fixed bed. The effectiveness of the method and the effect of the pH on it were monitored by atomic absorption spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, and a volumetric method. The optimum pH range for all the treatment was found to be between 6.0 and 6.6. The heavy metals included in this study were lead, copper, nickel, and zinc. The amount of heavy metals retained by the fibers or the powder was significant in each case. The retention capacity was the strongest for lead and the weakest for nickel. In the case of hard water and seawater studies, our experiments revealed a dramatic decrease in total dissolved solids (TDS), indicating the potential of the method as an aid or an alternative to conventional methods.     

Pyrolysis of commingled waste textile fibers in a batch reactor: Analysis of the pyrolysis gases and solid product

The main object of this study was the investigation of the thermal recycling of commingled waste textile fibers, with the aim of the production of useful end products. Differential scanning calorimetry/Thermo gravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA) was applied to determine the thermal degradation characteristics of the commingled waste textile fibers and there are two peaks located at the temperature ranges of 299–360°C and 399–500°C. Commingled waste fiber was pyrolyzed in a nitrogen atmosphere in relation to three different temperatures (500, 600, and 700°C), heating rates (25 and 50°C min^?1), and retention times (15 and 30 min). The effect of the experimental conditions such as pyrolysis temperature, heating rates, and retention time on the formation of char and gas--liquid products was investigated and the product yields were determined from the rate of the weight loss. The highest conversion rate 82.9 wt.% liquid--gas product and 17.1 wt.% char product was achieved at 700°C. Pyrolysis gases were taken for every 7, 15, and 25 min and were analyzed for major components such as CO, CO₂, CH₄, and H₂ by gas chromatography. The pyrolysis char called as carbon black derived from the pyrolysis of commingled waste textile fibers was analyzed for a range of properties, including the elemental analysis, moisture content, ash content, calorific value, and trace metal analysis.     

Simulated-sunlight-activated photocatalysis of Methylene Blue using cerium-doped SiO2/TiO2 nanostructured fibers

Cerium-doped SiO₂/TiO₂ nanostructured fibers were fabricated by electrospinning technology. The prepared fibers were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Using the fibers as catalysts, photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) aqueous solution was carried out under simulated sunlight. The 0.2% Ce doping proved to be the optimal concentration for the doping of TiO₂/SiO₂, compared to other Ce-doped molar concentrations. The 0.2% Ce-doped SiO₂/TiO₂ fibers exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than industrial Degussa P25 and the samples doped with only Ce or SiO₂. The reasons for improving the photocatalytic activity were also discussed. Several operational parameters were studied, which showed that the photocatalytic efficiency of MB was influenced by parameters such as the initial dye concentration, the initial pH, inorganic anions, and so on. In addition, the influences of an electron acceptor and a radical scavenger suggested that OH was the dominant photooxidant during the photocatalytic process. The reuse evaluation of the fibers indicated that their photocatalytic activity had good stability.