太湖草型区与藻型区沉积物中聚磷菌富集试验研究

采用序批式反应器(SBR)小型反应装置,以葡萄糖和丙酸为碳源,在厌氧/好氧条件下,对太湖草型区和藻型区的沉积物进行聚磷菌富集培养。探讨了太湖草型区和藻型区沉积物中聚磷菌的存在性和差异性。试验结果表明,通过实验室模拟条件培养,发现太湖沉积物存在聚磷细菌。两种碳源培养的草型区沉积物厌氧释磷量高于藻型区。以葡萄糖为碳源培养的草型区和藻型区沉积物厌氧释磷现象微弱,好氧磷的超量吸收现象比活性污泥弱,对PO34--P的平均去除率分别为34.95%、38.17%。而在以丙酸为碳源的系统中,有着明显的厌氧释磷和好氧摄磷现象,对PO34--P的平均去除率分别为41.27%、51.35%。     

Bioabsorbable soy protein plastic composites: Effect of polyphosphate fillers on water absorption and mechanical properties

The use of synthetic and natural bioabsorbable plastics has been severely limited due to their low stiffness and strength properties as well as their strong tendency to absorb moisture. This research focused on the development of bioabsorbable polyphosphate filler/soy protein plastic composites with enhanced stiffness, strength, and water resistance. Bioabsorbable polyphosphate fillers, biodegradable soy protein isolate, plasticizer, and adhesion promoter were homogenized and compression-molded. Physical, mechanical, and water absorption testing was performed on the molded specimens. Results showed improvements in stiffness, strength, and water resistance with increasing polyphosphate filler content up to 20% by weight. Application of a coupling agent produced further mechanical property enhancements and a dramatic improvement in water resistance, interpreted by an interfacial chemical bonding model. Examination of the fracture surfaces of the materials revealed that the addition of the polyphosphate fillers changed the failure mode from brittle to pseudo-ductile. These results suggest that these materials are suitable for many load-bearing applications in both humid and dry environments where current soy protein plastics are not usable.     

Monitoring microbial community structure and succession of an A/O SBR during start-up period using PCR-DGGE

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) protocol was employed for revealing microbial community structure and succession in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic reactor performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) during start-up period.High phosphorus removal was achieved after 15 d.On day 30, phosphorus removal efficiency reached to 83.2% and the start-up was finished.DGGE profiles of periodical sludge samples showed that dominant microbial species were 19 OTUs (operational taxonomy unit ).Unweighted pair-group method using Arithmetic averages (UPGMA clustering analysis revealed that rapid community succession correlated to lower phosphorus removal rate and higher phosphorus removal efficiency reflected on steady community structure.Sequencing results indicated that determined sequences (12 OTUs) belonged to proteobacterium, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadales and unaffiliate group.Proteobacterium, Tetrasphaera elongate and Gemmatimonas aurantiaca may act important roles in phosphorus removal.With little amount as known glycogen accumulating organisms, Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis still at accumulating-phase had limited influence on microbial community structure.When climax community was obtained, dominant microbes were 14 OTUs.Microbes in a large amount were uncultured bacterium, Thauera sp., uncultured γ-Proteobacterium and Tetrasphaera elongata.     

单一好氧环境强化生物除磷诱导及影响因素研究

为了加深对聚磷菌(Phosphate Accumulating Organism,PAOs)代谢多样性及代谢机理的认识,采用序批式反应器(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR),研究了PAOs单一好氧生物除磷能力的诱导过程,以及好氧时间、静置时间对单一好氧生物除磷效率的影响。结果表明,PAOs单一好氧环境生物除磷能力的诱导很快完成,SBR反应器运行周期内生物除磷过程分为饱食期与饥饿期,其中,饱食期水溶液中COD降解速度很快,磷酸盐质量浓度略有升高,PAOs体内聚-β-羟基丁酸(Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)质量比增加,聚磷质量比降低;饥饿期水溶液中磷酸盐质量浓度持续下降,聚磷菌体内PHB质量比减小,聚磷质量比增加。聚磷菌在单一好氧环境条件下的除磷能力不能长期保持,只有保证足够的好氧时间及静置时间,才能取得高效的单一好氧环境除磷效果。     

镍对活性污泥生物除磷的影响及其机理

以实际生活污水为研究对象,在序批式活性污泥反应器中探究了Ni2+对活性污泥形态及生物除磷性能的影响。实验结果表明,Ni2+能够抑制生物除磷,当Ni2+质量浓度由0 mg/L增加至10.0 mg/L时,PO43--P去除率由93%下降至12%。机理研究结果表明：Ni2+能抑制聚磷微生物的厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷,并能抑制内聚物聚羟基烷酸酯（PHA）的合成;当Ni2+质量浓度为10.0 mg/L时,PHA的最大含量仅为2.4 mmol/g （以单位质量挥发性悬浮物所含PHA中C的物质的量计）,远低于空白组中PHA的含量。此外,Ni2+还对微生物群落的组成产生影响,并促进活性污泥中聚糖微生物的增殖。     

硝酸盐作为生物除磷电子受体的研究

研究了以硝酸盐作为电子受体进行生物除磷的可能性,并比较了硝酸盐和氧作为电子受体的差异.结果表明:聚磷菌能以硝酸盐作为电子受体替代氧进行生物除磷,但若存在有机碳源会抑制缺氧段磷的吸收.缺氧条件下磷的摄取速率与硝酸盐的质量浓度有关,浓度越高速度越快.硝酸盐的连续稳定加入有利于磷的去除.与以氧为电子受体的系统相比硝酸盐系统利用PHA的效率低,缺氧系统中去除磷和消耗PHA的比例为0.63,比好氧系统中的0.83低24%;缺氧时每摩尔电子转移所吸收的磷为0.14 mol,比氧为电子受体时的0.23 mol低39.1%.      

长期低聚磷条件对AO-SBR系统Accumulibacter代谢特性的影响

为了考察长期低聚磷(Poly-P)条件下Accumulibacter的菌群结构及其代谢特性的变化,采用两个SBR反应器,分别采用乙酸钠和丙酸钠为有机碳源,接种富含Accumulibacter的活性污泥,在进水PO34--P浓度为2. 5 mg·L~(-1)的低磷进水条件下运行60 d,对系统除磷性能、污泥浓度、主要菌群结构的变化进行研究.结果表明,长期低Poly-P条件下两个SBR系统均表现出良好的除磷和去除有机物的性能,但两个系统内的菌群代谢均表现出聚糖菌代谢特征;运行60 d后,丙酸盐系统中AccumulibacterⅠ型仍保持了较高的丰度(40%±7%),表明丙酸盐SBR系统中AccumulibacterⅠ型不仅具有较高的代谢活性,还能够在长期低聚磷条件下以一种不依赖Poly-P的代谢方式进行生存;对比发现,丙酸盐碳源更有利于Accumulibacter适应低磷负荷的运行环境,且在低磷负荷的运行环境下AccumulibacterⅠ型比Ⅱ型更具竞争优势.     

Characterization of Biodegradable Composite Films Prepared from Blends of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol), Cornstarch,and Lignocellulosic Fiber

Several composite blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and lignocellulosic fibers were prepared and characterized. Cohesive and flexible cast films were obtained by blending lignocellulosic fibers derived from orange waste and PVA with or without cornstarch. Films were evaluated for their thermal stability, water permeability and biodegradation properties. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated the suitability of formulations for melt processing, and for application as mulch films in fields at much higher temperatures. Composite films were permeable to water, but at the same time able to maintain consistency and composition upon drying. Chemical crosslinking of starch, fiber and PVA, all hydroxyl functionalized polymers, by hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) improved water resistance in films. Films generally biodegraded within 30 days in soil, achieving between 50–80% mineralization. Both starch and lignocellulosic fiber degraded much more rapidly than PVA. Interestingly, addition of fiber to formulations enhanced the PVA degradation.     

在模拟酸性海洋大气环境中锌缓蚀剂的研制

目的寻找有效抑制锌大气腐蚀的缓蚀剂配方。方法采用静态失重法、极化曲线法和交流阻抗法,研究模拟酸性海洋大气环境中,多聚磷酸钠单独使用以及分别与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲复配使用时对锌腐蚀的缓蚀作用。结果多聚磷酸钠单独使用时对腐蚀介质中的锌具有较好的缓蚀作用,多聚磷酸钠与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲之间有良好的协同缓蚀效应,最佳质量配比分别为3∶1,1∶2,1∶4。多聚磷酸钠以及多聚磷酸钠复配缓蚀剂属于混合抑制型缓蚀剂;它们能够在锌表面形成一层保护膜,从而抑制锌的腐蚀。结论寻找到的缓蚀剂配方能够有效抑制锌的大气腐蚀。     

不同氮磷营养条件下铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）对正磷酸盐的蓄积效果

铜绿微囊藻是中国湖泊、水库及其它水域生态系统发生、形成富营养化危害的主要藻类。采用了直接显色法对单细胞铜绿微囊藻（〖WTBX〗Microcystis aeruginosa〖WTBZ〗）蓄积正磷酸盐的浓度进行测定,并与传统测定方法进行比较。直接显色法测定的磷浓度值减去溶液中可溶性磷浓度值即得到铜绿微囊藻蓄积的磷浓度值。对用不同处理方式处理过的铜绿微囊藻藻液进行过滤显色和直接显色测定,结果表明聚磷酸盐(正磷酸盐)在铜绿微囊藻体内不是游离存在,而很可能是与细胞内某一活性部分结合。在确立测定方法的基础上,研究了以修改了的MⅢ培养基为基本培养条件,改变氮磷浓度对产毒铜绿微囊藻（FACHB942）蓄积正磷酸盐效果的影响。结果显示,①氮磷比不变时,随着起始磷浓度的增加,铜绿微囊藻对正磷酸盐蓄积量也逐渐增加,成明显正相关;②氮浓度不变时,铜绿微囊藻对正磷酸盐的蓄积效果与磷浓度正相关;③而同一磷浓度下,铜绿微囊藻对正磷酸盐的蓄积效果与氮浓度负相关,但氮浓度超过21 mg/L时,氮浓度对于铜绿微囊藻蓄积磷的效果影响变得不规则。