一体式膜生物反应器中膜污染影响因素的研究

膜污染是一体式膜生物反应器(SMBR)工艺中普遍存在的问题,是SMBR稳定运行和膜寿命的关键影响因素.影响膜污染的因素包括以下几个方面:膜的特性(膜材质、膜孔径的大小及表面粗糙度等);膜组件的类型与结构;SMBR的运行条件(膜通量、抽吸泵抽停时间、曝气量与曝气方式、出水方式与水力停留时间等);污泥特性(污泥浓度、微生物的溶解性产物和胞外聚合物以及污泥龄等).改善膜和污泥的特性、优化SMBR的结构及运行操作参数能够减缓膜污染.     

腐殖酸溶液对超滤膜污染的原因研究

针对腐殖酸溶液对超滤膜污染的原因,对超滤膜在过滤腐殖酸溶液时受到污染的变化进行了探讨,通过测试的数据比较了待测腐殖酸溶液与膜通量的关系,同时对腐殖酸溶液和添加钙离子后,对超滤膜污染的影响状况,同时还对超滤膜在过滤过程中的UV254变化规律进行了探讨。结果表明,不同质量浓度的腐殖酸溶液,它们对膜通量的影响比较显著,在相同的过滤时间内,膜通量分别下降了不同的百分组成。在腐植酸溶液中添加钙离子后,膜通量下降更大。     

不同原水中膜污染物质的表征与确定

本文采用有机物的组分分析、相对分子质量分布及三维荧光等分析手段,研究了青草沙水库和滆湖原水的膜过滤通量的表现,探讨了膜污染的机理.试验结果表明,中亲组分有机物造成的微滤膜和超滤膜的通量下降最为严重,而疏水性有机物对通量的影响甚微.滆湖水对微滤膜的通量下降较青草沙水库水严重,而青草沙水库水对超滤膜的通量下降较滆湖水严重.膜污染机理的分析表明,微滤膜污染主要由膜孔堵塞造成,而超滤膜的通量主要受大分子有机物形成的滤饼层的影响.三维荧光分析表明,蛋白质类的有机物是造成膜污染的主要物质.     

去除水体中砷的研究进展与展望

近年来,水体砷污染已成为一个全球性的环境问题,采取有效方法去除水体中的砷已受广泛关注。文章总结了水中砷主要去除方法:沉淀法、吸附法、生物法和膜分离法的原理、特点和应用现状,分析表明,沉淀法和吸附法已广泛应用于含砷水体的处理,其中开发高效的氧化剂和混凝剂是沉淀法的主要研究方向,寻求新型实用的吸附剂是吸附法的研究热点;生物法除砷是近年来的研究热点,加快微生物除砷的理论和应用研究是该方法的主要研究方向;膜分离法适用于对水质要求很高以及小规模的饮用水处理,研究较好的预氧化处理方法是该工艺的重点。将多种方法联合使用以达到最佳除砷效果,是目前水体除砷的发展趋势。     

利用氢基质生物膜反应器去除水中砷酸盐

利用氢基质生物膜反应器(Hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor,MBfR)研究了NO_3~--N负荷、SO_4~(2-)负荷、As(Ⅴ)负荷、氢分压对水中砷去除效果的影响.结果表明,随着NO_3~--N进水负荷的增加,As(Ⅴ)和SO_4~(2-)还原受到明显抑制,系统产生As(Ⅲ)和NO_2~-的积累;随着SO_4~(2-)进水负荷的增加,反应器内总砷去除率由78.6%(25 mg·L-1SO_4~(2-))降低至1.1%(200 mg·L~(-1)SO_4~(2-)),而此时NO_3~--N的去除基本不受影响.同时,随着进水As(Ⅴ)负荷从0.25 mg·L~(-1)增至2 mg·L~(-1),出水SO_4~(2-)浓度明显升高,反应器内总砷去除率从70.0%降低至47.3%,而此时NO_3~--N的去除基本不受影响;当氢分压低于0.06 MPa时,提高氢分压可降低出水As(Ⅴ)浓度,当氢分压高于0.06 MPa后便不再是控制因素.由于体系中氢自养还原微生物会优先利用NO_3~--N和SO_4~(2-)作为电子受体,因此,为了保证As(Ⅴ)的高效还原去除,必须控制氢分压在0.05~0.07 MPa之间.     

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.     

Preparation and characterization of PVDF-glass fiber composite membrane reinforced by interfacial UV-grafting copolymerization

A novel inorganic–organic composite membrane,namely poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF-glass fiber(PGF) composite membrane,was prepared and reinforced by interfacial ultraviolet(UV)-grafting copolymerization to improve the interfacial bonding strength between the membrane layer and the glass fiber.The interfacial polymerization between inorganic–organic interfaces is a chemical cross-linking reaction that depends on the functionalized glass fiber with silane coupling(KH570) as the initiator and the polymer solution with acrylamide monomer(AM) as the grafting block.The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer-attenuated total reflectance(FTIR-ATR) spectra and the energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) pictures of the interface between the glass fiber and polymer matrix confirmed that the AM was grafted to the surface of the glass fiber fabric and that the grafting polymer was successfully embedded in the membrane matrix.The formation mechanisms,permeation,and anti-fouling performance of the PGF composite membrane were measured with different amounts of AM in the doping solutions.The results showed that the grafting composite membrane improved the interfacial bonding strength and permeability,and the peeling strength was improved by 32.6% for PGF composite membranes with an AM concentration at 2 wt.%.     

膜序批式间歇反应器的膜污染特性及控制

采取厌-好氧交替运行、实验室人工配水的方式,连续运行300 d,研究膜序批式间歇反应器运行过程的膜污染特性及其控制.结果表明,在运行初期的75 d内,污泥处于絮体状,SVI值64.6～110.6 　mL·g^-1,膜污染呈快速指数增长趋势,TMP平均增长速率为0.309　kPa·d^-1,膜阻力变化在0.393×10¹¹～1.298×10¹¹ m^-1·d^-1之间,比膜通量从4.4 　L·(m²·h·kPa)^-1下降为0.52 　L·(m²·h·kPa)^-1,75　d时的临界膜通量为20 　L·(m²·h)^-1.从75～120　d对系统进行了调控,反应器培养出好氧颗粒污泥,SVI值逐渐下降,从170　d开始,SVI一直保持在40 　mL·g^-1左右,污泥粒径逐渐增大,220　d时污泥粒径分布大多在500～1 000　μm.120～300　d运行过程中的膜污染呈缓慢增长趋势,TMP平均增长率仅为0.062 　kPa·d^-1,膜阻力变化率在0.291×10¹¹～0.404×10¹¹m^-1·d^-1,比膜通量从4.4 　L·(m²·h·kPa)^-1下降为1.4 　L·(m²·h·kPa)^-1,220 d时的临界膜通量为40 　L·(m²·h)^-1.这些数据表明好氧颗粒污泥的培养对减缓膜污染发生具有极大作用.曝气强度为100 m³·(m²·h)^-1时,比膜通量最大,曝气强度为69 m³·(m²·h)^-1时,膜污染速率最小.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an airlift intermittent circulation membrane bioreactor

A new airlift intermittent circulation integrated bioreactor was developed for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater, in which, circulation of mixed liquid between mixing zone and aeration zone was realized by aeration power, alternately anaerobic/anoxic bio-environment in mixing zone was realized by intermittent circulation and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was obtained through strengthened denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Removal performance of the reactor was investigated and pollutant removal and transfer mechanism in one operation circle was analyzed. The experiment results indicated that under the influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 642.1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) of 87.4 mg/L and PO₄^3--P of 12.1 mg/L, average removal efficiencies of COD, TN and PO₄^3--P reached 96.4%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, with the hydraulic residence time of 22 hr and operation circle time of 185 min. Track studies indicated that the separation of aeration and mixing zones and intermittent circulation of mixed liquid between the two zones provided distinct biological environments spatially and temporally, which ensured the occurrence of multifunctional microbial reactions.     

利用边界层理论确定预涂动态膜生物反应器稳定曝气量的试验研究

研究了膜生物反应器中低浓度活性污泥的流变性,确定当污泥浓度低于8 000mg·L^-1时的泥水混合液近似于牛顿流体,进而利用牛顿流体力学中边界层理论计算预涂动态膜(PDM)厚度等于平板膜表面层流边界层厚度时的稳定曝气量.为保证预涂动态膜生物反应器(PDMBR)运行的稳定性,在其运行初期选择满足生物所需最佳溶解氧(DO)3～5 mg·L^-1的供氧曝气量,随后逐渐增加到稳定曝气量的运行方式.实验结果表明,此运行方式能较好地提高动态膜的稳定性,在稳定运行的31d内出水COD低于12.48 mg·L^-1,平均去除率达到97.49%,NH₄⁺-N约为5.27 mg·L^-1,平均去除率为76.13%,而操作压力仅上升至27kPa.试验后期考察了PDMBR在高于稳定曝气量下运行的稳定性,发现PDM发生脱落,从而证明利用边界层理论确定的预涂类动态膜的稳定曝气量具有一定的应用价值.