炭膜及其在环境领域中的应用

介绍了一种新型的无机分离膜———炭膜 ,讨论了炭膜的孔结构等基本性质 ,综述了这种新材料在气体分离、饮用水净化和废水处理等方面的应用 ,并结合目前炭膜的研究开发现状 ,分析了制约其发展的因素及相应的解决方法     

膜滤与酸析处理草浆黑液的实验研究

采用无机膜过滤和磷酸酸析 2种方法来处理草浆造纸的黑液 ,比较了 2种方法的截留和分离效果。膜滤COD的截留率高于酸析 ,但从木素以及硅脱除的角度看 ,酸析的效果较佳。酸析后滤液可以苛化利用 ,以提高经济效益 ;而无机膜过滤是一个物理过程 ,工艺相对简单 ,流程短 ,其渗透液可以考虑直接回用。     

一体式膜-生物反应器中膜污染过程的动态分析

膜污染过程的动态研究对于有效地控制膜污染意义重大。结合膜过滤压差的上升和污染膜表面微观形态的变化 ,对不同污泥浓度和膜通量条件下 ,一体式膜 生物反应器中膜污染过程进行了动态分析。结果表明 ,膜污染初期主要是水中溶解性物质在膜表面附着 ,随后污泥在膜表面沉积。溶解性有机物在膜面的附着 ,对膜过滤压差即膜过滤阻力的变化影响不大 ,而活性污泥在膜表面的大量沉积将导致膜过滤压差迅速上升。污泥浓度愈高 ,膜通量愈大时 ,活性污泥颗粒愈易在膜面沉积。通过停止进出水维持空曝气、降低反应器内污泥浓度或延长膜的停抽时间可以使沉积在膜表面的悬浮污泥脱离膜表面 ,从而使膜过滤能力得到很好的恢复。采用经典的膜污染模型对各运行阶段膜污染模式进行了分析 ,模型拟合结果与电镜观察结果基本吻合。     

次临界操作下的膜污染机理研究

临界通量在膜污染控制的水动力学条件优化中是一个非常有意义的概念。本研究用一种新型的中空纤维膜组件过滤活性污泥混合液 ,采用通量阶式递增法对临界通量进行测定 ,实验表明 ,气水二相流是一个提高临界通量非常有效的方法 ,而且临界通量随着曝气强度的增大而增大 ,根据测定结果 ,可以得出膜生物反应器 (MBR)的 3个水动力学操作区 :超临界区、临界区和次临界区。次临界操作可以防止颗粒物质在膜面上沉积引起的可逆污染 ,在次临界操作下 ,膜污染分为两个阶段 ,第一阶段为不可逆污染发展阶段 ,跨膜压力 (TMP)发展缓慢 ;第一阶段膜的不可逆污染导致膜丝点通量不断的重分配 ,一旦出现膜丝上某一点的通量大于临界通量时 ,颗粒物质就以此点为突破口 ,不断沉积到膜丝表面 ,发生可逆污染 ,膜污染进入第二阶段 ,TMP急剧增加。     

全氟辛酸对斜生栅藻细胞膜特性影响研究(Effect of Perfluorooctane Acid on Cell Membrane Properties of Scenedesmus obliquus)

斜生栅藻暴露于全氟辛酸(PFOA)中,其细胞膜特性可通过不同荧光染料染色的荧光信号变化来反映.应用流式细胞仪检测荧光信号,研究了PFOA对斜生栅藻细胞膜的完整性、选择透过性和膜电位指标的影响效应.实验结果显示,全氟辛酸对表征细胞膜完整性的碘化丙啶(PI)染料荧光强度起到显著刺激作用,栅藻细胞膜受损几率随暴露浓度升高呈现上升趋势;低暴露浓度下栅藻细胞膜选择透过性增强,但在高浓度暴露下这一细胞膜特性受到明显抑制,具体表现为表征酯酶活性的二乙酸荧光素(FDA)荧光强度出现先升后降的变化;与FDA荧光强度变化趋势相反,反映膜电位的碘代3,3’-二己氧基羰花青(DIOC6(3))荧光强度则先降后升,预示高浓度PFOA暴露将导致细胞膜处于异常的生理状态.     

膜蒸馏用于气田采出水的深度处理

采用自制聚丙烯中空纤维疏水膜,开展了内压式真空膜蒸馏处理某气田采出水的实验研究,考察了膜通量、脱盐率、产水电导率及产水水质等随运行时间的变化,针对实验后期出现的膜污染情况对膜蒸馏浓水除硬后进行二段膜蒸馏,再对出水进一步做催化臭氧氧化处理。实验结果表明：105 h后,废水中各离子浓度随着废水的浓缩而急剧升高,同时废水的高硬度造成膜堵塞,产生膜污染;除硬后去除了膜结垢污染,改善了膜疏水性能,膜通量恢复到初始膜通量的73%;膜蒸馏出水经催化臭氧氧化处理后,出水COD、TOC和ρ（NH₄⁺-N）分别为49 mg/L、6.5 mg/L和11.0 mg/L,满足回用要求。     

超滤膜技术在环境工程水处理中的应用

随着我国经济水平的不断提高,也给我国环境带来了巨大的影响。与此同时,科技水平的不断发展,也使我国水处理技术日臻完善。目前,在环境工程水处理的过程中不仅可以通过物理、化学方法,还可以通过超滤膜技术来对环境工程水处理的质量进行监控,其是以传统水处理工艺为基础,通过全面的改革及调整,形成的一种新型的处理技术,能够确保水环境具备理想的可行性和适宜性,从而提升水处理效果。     

Transmembrane transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria and functional regulation of membrane proteins

• Explaintheadsorption, uptake and transmembrane transport of PAHs by bacteria. • Analyze functional regulation of membrane proteins inthe transmembrane transport. • Proteomics technology such as iTRAQ labeling was used to access expressed proteins. • Single cell analysis technology wereused to study the morphological structure. In recent years, increasing research has been conducted on transmembrane transport processes and the mechanisms behind the microbial breakdown of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including the role of membrane proteins in transmembrane transport and the mode of transmission. This article explains the adsorption, uptake and transmembrane transport of PAHs by bacteria, the regulation of membrane protein function during the transmembrane transport. There are three different regulation mechanisms for uptake, depending on the state and size of the oil droplets relative to the size of the microbial cells, which are (i) direct adhesion, (ii) emulsification and pseudosolubilization, and (iii) interfacial uptake. Furthermore, two main transmembrane transport modes are introduced, which are (i) active transport and (ii) passive uptake and active efflux mechanism. Meanwhile, introduce the proteomics and single cell analysis technology used to address these areas of research, such as Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology and Nano Secondary ion mass spectrometry (Nano-SIMS). Additionally, analyze the changes in morphology and structure and the characteristics of microbial cell membranes in the process of transmembrane transport. Finally, recognize the microscopic mechanism of PAHs biodegradation in terms of cell and membrane proteins are of great theoretical and practical significance for understanding the factors that influence the efficient degradation of PAHs contaminants in soil and for remediating the PAHs contamination in this area with biotechnology.     

Surface modification of mesoporous silica nanoparticle with 4-triethoxysilylaniline to enhance seawater desalination properties of thin-film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membranes

• Mesoporous silica nanoparticle was modified with 4-triethoxysilylaniline. • AMSN-based TFN-RO membranes were prepared for seawater desalination. • Water transport capability of the AMSN was limited by polyamide. • Polyamide still plays a key role in permeability of the TFN RO membranes. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), with higher water permeability than NaA zeolite, were used to fabricate thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. However, only aminoalkyl-modified MSN and low-pressure (less than 2.1 MPa) RO membrane were investigated. In this study, aminophenyl-modified MSN (AMSN) were synthesized and used to fabricate high-pressure (5.52 MPa) RO membranes. With the increasing of AMSN dosage, the crosslinking degree of the aromatic polyamide decreased, while the hydrophilicity of the membranes increased. The membrane morphology was maintained to show a ridge-and-valley structure, with only a slight increase in membrane surface roughness. At the optimum conditions (AMSN dosage of 0.25 g/L), when compared with the pure polyamide RO membrane, the water flux of the TFN RO membrane (55.67 L/m²/h) was increased by about 21.6%, while NaCl rejection (98.97%) was slightly decreased by only 0.29%. However, the water flux of the membranes was much lower than expected. We considered that the enhancement of RO membrane permeability is attributed to the reduction of the effective thickness of the PA layer.     

Co-application of energy uncoupling and ultrafiltration in sludge treatment: Evaluations of sludge reduction,supernatant recovery and membrane fouling control

• Effects of metabolic uncouplers addition on sludge reduction were carried out. • TCS addition effectively inhibited ATP synthesis and reduced sludge yield. • The effluent quality such as TOC and ammonia deteriorated but not significantly. • Suitable dosage retarded biofouling during sludge water recovery by UF membrane. Energy uncoupling is often used for sludge reduction because it is easy to operate and does not require a significant amount of extra equipments (i.e. no additional tank required). However, over time the supernatant extracted using this method can deteriorate, ultimately requiring further treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using a low-pressure ultrafiltration membrane process for sludge water recovery after the sludge had undergone an energy uncoupling treatment (using 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS)). Energy uncoupling was found to break apart sludge floc by reducing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Analysis of supernatant indicated that when energy uncoupling and membrane filtration were co-applied and the TCS dosage was below 30 mg/L, there was no significant deterioration in organic component removal. However, ammonia and phosphate concentrations were found to increase as the concentration of TCS added increased. Additionally, due to low sludge concentrations and EPS contents, addition of 30–60 mg/L TCS during sludge reduction increased the permeate flux (two times higher than the control) and decreased the hydraulic reversible and cake layer resistances. In contrast, high dosage of TCS aggravated membrane fouling by forming compact fouling layers. In general, this study found that the co-application of energy uncoupling and membrane filtration processes represents an effective alternative method for simultaneous sludge reduction and sludge supernatant recovery.