风险规避、非牧用途使用与牧户草原流转行为

基于新疆12个牧业县232户微观数据,运用风险收益理论、期望效应理论构建了草原流转风险规避理论模型与基于博弈论构建了草原流转非牧用途使用理论模型,分析了风险规避和非牧用途使用对牧户草原流转的内在机理。使用二元Logit模型、中介效应与调节效应分别探析风险规避和非牧用途使用对牧户流转行为的影响。研究表明：违约风险、生态风险、经营风险对牧户草原流转行为存在显著影响,草原流转存在的各类风险可能导致牧户的风险规避行为;非牧用途使用、转移就业能力担忧与家庭收入结构对于牧户草原流转行为存在显著影响;家庭收入结构在牧户面临非牧用途使用时存在调节效应,而其转移就业能力担忧在牧户面临非牧用途使用时存在遮蔽效应。同时,违约风险、生态风险在牧户面临非牧用途使用时存在中介效应。在此基础上,进一步讨论了造成流转风险、非牧用途使用问题的成因与对策。     

模拟增温和降雨增加对撂荒草地土壤胞外酶活性及计量特征的影响

土壤胞外酶活性是催化土壤有机质分解的关键限速步骤,而且对外界环境的变化极其敏感,然而却很少有研究聚焦于土壤胞外酶活性对气候变化的响应,尤其是在黄土高原地区.以黄土丘陵区撂荒草地为研究对象,野外模拟气候变暖和降水增加,通过测定土壤理化性质、植被群落特征和土壤酶活性,探究土壤酶活性及计量比对气候变化的响应特征及驱动因素.结果表明,增温、增雨以及二者的交互作用均显著降低了土壤β-1,4-葡糖苷酶(BG)和纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)活性,然而,土壤β-1,4-木糖苷酶(BX)活性在气候变化处理下却呈现出增加趋势,其中,增温处理的增幅最大,达到了63.15%.增温增雨的交互显著增加了β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和亮氨酸胺肽酶(LAP)以及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,分别增加了34.32%、 12.97%和44.86%.增温显著增加了过氧化物酶(PER)活性,而增雨显著降低了PER酶活性,增雨以及增温增雨显著降低了多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,这主要归因于植物群落科组成的变化.增雨和增温增雨处理下碳降解酶活性∶氮降解酶活性(CEs∶NEs)和氮降解酶活性∶磷降解酶活性(NEs∶PEs)显著...     

Lead redistribution in a mine soil treated with three manures and incubated at two different temperatures

The study of heavy metals’ redistribution between different fractions allows to know their bioavailability and mobility in soils. Soil samples were collected from a lead mine in Hamadan provinces, NW Iran. In a factorial experiment soil was treated with cow, sheep and poultry manures (20?g?kg^?1 soil) separately and incubated near field capacity at 10°C and 37°C. An untreated soil (as control) was also incubated at the same temperatures. After 0 and 120 days, a sequential extraction scheme was used to fractionate Pb of incubated samples into soluble-exchangeable (Sol-Exch), organic matter associated (AOM), carbonates associated (ACar), and residual (Res) forms. Soil Pb in Sol-Exch and AOM fractions were increased by manure application significantly. The AOM and ACar forms of Pb were higher in soils treated with the manures and incubated in lower temperature. In contrast, the Sol-Exch and Res chemical forms of Pb were higher in the soils incubated at 37°C. These results may be related to the higher calcium carbonate dissolution and organic matter decomposition because of better biological activity in the soils incubated in higher temperature. The increase of the Res fraction (stable form) in this condition may resulted in lower toxicity and mobility in soil environment.     

藏北草地地上生物量及遥感监测模型研究

草地退化已成为藏北地区面临的主要生态环境问题。为了定量监测草地生物量和退化草地的生物量动态变化,利用2004 年8—9 月藏北地区草地地上生物量最大时期的地面实测数据,分析了其地上生物量大小和空间分布特征,在此基础上,结合同期的Terra MODIS植被指数数据,建立了草地地上生物量的遥感监测和估算模型。主要结论如下:①由于受高寒气候、土壤、水分等环境因素的限制,8—9 月藏北地区平均草地地上生物量较小,为96.88g/m²,其中绿色鲜草的比重在80%以上;不同区域不同草地类型地上生物量差异很大,范围在37.10~589.12 g/m²,平均而言,高寒沼泽化草甸的地上生物量最大,达356.84 g/m²,其次是温性草原(64.48 g/m²)和高寒草甸(61.61 g/m²),高寒草原草地最低,为48.87 g/m²;②基于MODIS NDVI的合成、生长型、指数函数、逻辑斯谛等4 个模型是估算藏北草地地上生物量的最优模型;③生物量的空间分布呈东南向西北减少态势,东南部部分地段在100 g/m²以上,西北部则在20 g/m²以下。     

Radioactive Isotopes of Strontium,Caesium and Plutonium in Sediments of the Northern Adriatic Sea

Changes in nitrification rates of an acid grassland soil with and without air drying have been monitored over 9 days, after first flushing native nitrate from the soils with deionised water. The results confirmed that full re-establishment of nitrification after air drying takes several days, supporting the hypothesis that any immediate first flush of nitrate from air-dried soils originates from cell lysis or flushing of ‘stored’ nitrate. Ammonium spiking confirmed that nitrification was not ammonium substrate limited. It was also found that ammonium accumulates in the soil during the drying process, providing a substrate pool once the population of nitrifiers has re-established. Over the first week of incubation, nitrate immobilisation was less conspicuous in the soil that had been rewetted after air drying compared with the incubated field moist soil.     

Effect of acid rain on the fractionation of heavy metals and major elements in contaminated soils

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the effect of acid rain (1:1 equivalent basis H₂SO₄:HNO₃) at pH values of 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 on the fractionation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and major elements (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) in contaminated calcareous soils over a 2084 h period. Heavy metals and major elements in soil samples were fractionated before and after 2084 h kinetic release using a sequential extraction procedure. Before kinetic studies the predominant fractions of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cd and Ni were mainly associated with carbonate fraction (CARB), whereas Fe, Mn and Zn were associated with the Fe–Mn oxide fraction (Fe–Mn oxide). The highest percentage of Pb and Cu were found in the exchangeable (EXC) and organic matter (OM) fractions, respectively. After kinetic study using different simulated acid rain solutions, the major fractions of heavy metals (expect of Cu) and Na was the same as before release. Upon the application of different acid rain solutions, K and Mg were found dominantly in Fe–Mn oxide fraction, whereas Ca was in the EXC fraction. The results provide valuable information regarding metal mobility and indicated that speciation of metals (Cu and Zn) and major elements in contaminated calcareous soils can be affected by acid rain.     

不同放牧制度下短花针茅荒漠草原植物种群作用和种间关系分析

以短花针茅荒漠草原植物种群为研究对象,采用2×2列联表法和灰色关联分析方法,探讨植物种群地位和作用及种间关系在不同放牧制度下的变化。结果表明,放牧会使建群种短花针茅（Stipa breviflora Griseb.）重要值增大,使碱韭(Allium polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel)的重要值减小;轮牧有利于无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica (Roshev.) Ohwi)在群落中的地位和作用增加,自由放牧则相反。植物群落种间关系正联结强度表现为禁牧区(CK)>划区轮牧区(RG)>自由放牧区(CG),负联结种对数的多少表现为CK相似文献   

草原煤矸石堆放的生态环境问题及其治理措施综述

综述了内蒙古自治区煤矸石排放对草原生态系统造成的危害,比较了物理、化学和生物学方法对治理煤矸石的优缺点,重点分析了丛枝菌根真菌技术在煤矸石山生态重建中的应用及其意义,并提出了当前研究工作中存在的问题及以后的研究重点。     

中国草地资源利用：生产功能与生态功能的冲突与协调

草地生态系统具有多功能性,既提供多种畜牧产品,同时也具有多样化的生态服务,诸如防风固沙、保持水土、维持生物多样性等。因此,健康的生态系统是生产功能与生态服务和谐并存的统一体。我国有各类天然草地 4×10⁸hm²,其中80%的草地主要分布在干旱、半干旱的北方地区,即主要分布在兴安岭-燕山-吕梁山-秦岭-西藏高原东缘一线以西的广大地区, 这一地区自然条件差,生态系统脆弱。因此,草地生态系统具有保障北方地区畜牧业发展和维护我国生态安全的双重角色。1949年以来,我国草地资源利用中由于长期追求生产功能最大化,忽视了对生态功能和服务的养护,造成生态系统退化,从而影响生态服务的发挥,导致了生产功能与生态服务的冲突。一是在突出生产功能的政策导向下,片面追求草地生产功能最大化,导致大量优质草地被大面积开垦,天然草地资源缩减,出现结构性和功能性的生态退化,生态服务功能受到显著损害。二是由于生产要素投入不足,使得草地系统输出和输入不平衡,难以维持正常的物质和能量循环过程,从而导致生产功能与生态功能的冲突。这主要是由于草地资源是我国的公共财产资源,即使实行草地承包制度后,所有权和使用权的分离,加上缺少政策制度的约束,因此形成了牧民对草地资源的掠夺式利用。三是我国畜产品生产需求增长与生态功能保护需求的矛盾愈加突出。在草地资源开发利用中“重用轻养”的失误既阻碍了我国草地畜牧业的现代化进程,更加剧了我国草地生产功能与生态服务的冲突。所以,在我国人口趋多,耕地趋少,粮食趋紧、畜产品消费趋增的态势下,充分利用占国土面积41%的草地资源,建立生态保护约束下的草地资源利用模式,协调草地生态系统的生产功能和生态服务关系,是解决我国耕地资源不足、维护我国生态安全的重要途径。     

Effect of leachates from municipal solid wastes in the surface characteristics of calcareous soils located in Central Mexico

Anthropogenic activities induce changes in a series of soil features. For example, continuous contact between soil and municipal solid waste leachates can encourage weathering processes as well as other mineral transformation reactions; consequently, the soil loses the function of environmental protection. Pollution-induced changes in the surface properties and morphology of soils have been rarely studied. In this work, the surface characteristics of calcareous soil located at a municipal solid waste disposal site in central Mexico were studied. Soil characterisation was carried out to determine the mesoporous size, particle surface area and crystallinity of collected samples. Comparison of these characteristics was made between soil in continuous contact with leachate flow and soil not in contact with leachate. The characterisation was carried out using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The presence of Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni and Cr was examined in both soils. Leachates in contact with this soil showed characteristics typical of liquid produced by the decomposition of municipal solid waste (pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential and alkalinity).