氧化钙在污泥处置方面的探讨

介绍市政污泥的现状及氧化钙在污泥脱水处理中的应用,对氧化钙和污泥反应机理进行分析,并例举了工程实例。     

烧结板除尘器在PVC生产中的应用

介绍了烧结板除尘器在电石法PVC生产中的应用；简述了烧结板除尘器的工作原理和特点；通过结合烧结板除尘器在矿石生产线上的应用情况，验证了烧结板除尘器在电石法PVC等行业除尘应用中的优异除尘效率。     

EDS analysis of Portland ash cement degradation in an aggressive environment

The behaviour of Portland cement with and without 30% fly ash addition in aggressive solutions was studied. This paper considers the sulphate corrosion of the hardened cement paste. The cement paste test samples were prepared, cured in water for 21 day and then exposed to the influence of aggressive environment (10% (NH₄SO₄ solution). The measurements of several properties were carried out and the results were analyzed.

The image of the surface composition and morphology of the cement paste test samples was made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Concentration gradient of sulphate ions in cement paste depth was obtained by energy‐dispersive analysis (EDS).     

我国典型土壤中铜对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的毒性阈值及其预测模型

为确定我国土壤中Cu对白符跳的毒性阈值并建立其预测模型,以外源添加的方式研究了我国9种典型土壤（江西红壤、安徽黄棕壤、重庆紫色土、云南黄红壤、湖南水稻土、山东潮土、黑龙江黑土、新疆灰漠土、陕西垆土）中Cu对模式生物——白符跳（Folsomia candida）存活率与繁殖率的影响.结果表明:白符跳存活率对Cu毒害的敏感性远低于繁殖率.9种土壤中基于w（TCu）实测值推导的土壤Cu对白符跳繁殖率的EC₅₀（半数效应浓度）变化范围为65~668 mg/kg,表明不同土壤中Cu的毒性阈值差异显著,但基于w（Cu_Ca）（Cu_Ca为CaCl₂溶液提取的Cu）推导的不同土壤中EC₅₀的差异有所减小.相关性分析表明,基于w（TCu）实测值推导的EC₅₀值与土壤pH、w（CaCO₃）均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.801和0.670.进一步利用回归分析建立了基于pH和w（OM）的土壤Cu对白符跳繁殖的EC₅₀预测模型——lg（EC₅₀）=0.213+0.288pH+0.016 w（OM）,基于该模型预测与推导的EC₅₀值之间相关性较好.研究显示,氯化钙提取态Cu的存在能在一定程度上解释不同土壤中Cu对白符跳繁殖的EC₅₀值的差异,pH和w（OM）可较好地预测不同土壤中Cu对白符跳繁殖的EC₅₀值.      

高效去除Cd2+介孔硅酸钙的制备优化及表征

为了进一步研制高效、廉价的Cd²⁺吸附剂,从介孔硅酸钙（CSH）的制备与优化出发,选择钙硅比（Ca/Si）、表面活性剂种类及其用量为因素,采用正交试验探讨CSH的最优制备条件,并结合扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）、比表面积测试（BET）、X-射线衍射分析（XRD）,对CSH的结构形貌、材料性能进行评价.结果表明,各因素对合成材料吸附性能的影响顺序为：表面活性剂种类 > 表面活性剂用量 > Ca/Si;最优制备条件为：Ca/Si=1：1,以聚乙二醇（PEG）为表面活性剂,表面活性剂添加量为2%;表面活性剂的添加能显著提高材料的吸附性能,最优条件下制备的介孔硅酸钙对Cd²⁺的饱和吸附容量高达687.71 mg·g^-1,吸附等温线符合Langmiur模型;合成的水化硅酸钙为介孔结构,为狭缝孔,呈纳米花状,比表面积为333.47 m²·g^-1,BJH孔径为10.9 nm,孔隙度为2.199 cm³·g^-1;巨大的比表面积、高孔隙度、表面丰富的活性—OH及材料富含可交换态Ca²⁺,以及能与Cd²⁺发生吸附沉淀、表面络合和离子交换,致使其具有优异的吸附性能,有望为Cd²⁺污染水体治理和土壤修复提供潜在优势新材料.     

过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果联合添加对猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化和腐熟的影响

调控堆肥过程中CO_2的排放,对于保证堆肥进程的有效进行和减少碳素损失具有重要意义.本文以过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果为添加剂,共设置4个处理:不添加添加剂(CK)、过磷酸钙处理(P)、腐烂苹果处理(A)及混合添加处理(1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果,PA),研究在自制堆肥反应箱猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化特征及其对堆肥腐熟的影响.结果表明,单加过磷酸钙处理进入高温期的时间晚于其他处理3～4 d,而混合添加处理并没有出现高温期推迟的现象.整个堆肥过程中,CK、P、A和PA处理CO_2-C的累积排放量分别占起始碳素的37.0%、33.0%、40.1%和36.7%,碳素损失分别为54.1%、50.3%、59.4%和55.7%.虽然单加过磷酸钙处理降低了堆肥中碳素损失,但却抑制了有机质的降解,增加了电导率值,而混合添加处理促进了有机质的降解,并使腐殖质含量较对照提高了11.8%.此外,单加过磷酸钙处理的种子发芽指数在40 d时才达到80%,而混合添加处理在24 d时已达到80%.综上分析,1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果联合添加是一种可行的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂使用方法.     

双波长分光光度法测定水中的钙

本文研究了均三溴偶氮胂(TBA)与钙的显色反应。结果表明,均三溴偶氮胂与钙在PH10.7的NH_4OH-NH_4Cl缓冲介质中形成1:2络合物,利用双波长分光光度法,以490nm为参比波长, 600nm为测定波长,测得ε490-600=3.1×10~4,钙量在0-30μg/25ml范围内符合比尔定律。本法用于自来水、河水、井水和锅炉水中钙的直接测定,结果满意。     

CHANGES IN ACID PRECIPITATION-RELATED WATER CHEMISTRY OF LAKES FROM SOUTHWESTERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA, 1986–2001

Between 1986 and 2001, thirty-nine lakes in southwestern New Brunswick in Atlantic Canada were surveyed for acid precipitation-related water quality changes. Most of the study lakes are located on granite bedrock and represent the most acid sensitive lakes in the province. Between 1987 and 1992, hydrogen ion deposition to the lake study area averaged 452 eq ha^–1 yr^–1, compared to 338 eq ha^–1 yr^–1 between 1993 and 2000, a 25% reduction. The lake chemistry data were evaluated by dividing the lakes into four clusters for each survey year based on their acid neutralizing capacity. Twenty percent of the lakes (cluster IV) had an average ANC of 40 eq L^–1or greater and maintained an average pH of greater than 6 over the duration of the study period. A pH of 6 or greater is considered a healthy benchmark for maintaining biodiversity. The remaining 31 lakes (clusters I to III) had an average ANC of less than 40 eq L^–1and maintained an average pH of less than 6. Other lake chemistry changes included a general decline in lake sulphate and colour over the duration of the survey period, followed by more recent improvements in calcium ion, pH and ANC, and notably higher but declining aluminum levels in lower ANC and pH lakes. Nitrate accounted for 37% of the acid deposition to the study area, however it was not detectable in the lakes. Although acid deposition has declined and these lakes are beginning to show signs of acid recovery, 80% of the study lakes remain acid sensitive having little buffering capacity with low calcium, pH and ANC.     

THE EFFECT OF EL NIÑO-RELATED DROUGHT ON THE RECOVERY OF ACIDIFIED LAKES

Although SO₂ emissions and deposition rates havedeclined substantially since the implementation of sulphuremission control programmes in North America [1], recovery(measured as decreases in concentrations) of affected lakes in central Ontario has been much less substantial thananticipated based on the decrease in deposition. The slowrecovery is attributed to the reoxidation and release of storedsulphur in catchments. Reduced sulphur retained in previousyears when sulphur deposition was higher is exposed to air andoxidized during severe droughts, then exported duringsubsequent wet periods. Elevated stream concentrations and export rates occur in the autumns of yearswith prolonged severe droughts, particularly in catchments withextensive wetlands. Drought in our study catchments occurred inyears following strong El Niño events. When the SouthernOscillation Index (SOI) was strongly negative (1976–77, 1982–83,1986–87, 1991–92, 1993–94) the frequency of occurrence ofdrought the following summer in small catchments with shallowoverburden was extremely high. A lakes rate of recovery fromacidification depends upon the amount of excess reduced Sthat has been stored in anoxic zones in the catchment (largely afunction of the extent of wetlands) during years of elevated Sdeposition rates, and the frequency and severity of droughts. Iflong-term changes in global or regional climate alter thefrequency or magnitude of El Niño-related droughts, therecovery of acidified lakes will be affected.     

高氯废水中的化学需氧量测定方法探讨

针对高氯废水化学需氧量的测定方法以及原理作了阐述，最终确定一种最直接、简便、准确的硫酸汞倍数添加法测定CODcr.