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701.
702.
Fearnside Philip M. Lashof Daniel A. Moura-Costa Pedro 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2000,5(3):239-270
Many proposed activities formitigating global warming in the land-use change and forestry(LUCF) sector differ from measures to avoid fossilfuel emissions because carbon (C) may be held out ofthe atmosphere only temporarily. In addition, thetiming of the effects is usually different. Many LUCFactivities alter C fluxes to and from the atmosphereseveral decades into the future, whereas fossil fuelemissions avoidance has immediate effects. Non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs), which are animportant part of emissions from deforestation inlow-latitude regions, also pose complications forcomparisons between fossil fuel and LUCF, since themechanism generally used to compare these gases(global warming potentials) assumes simultaneousemissions. A common numeraire is needed to expressglobal warming mitigation benefits of different kindsof projects, such as fossil fuel emissions reduction,C sequestration in forest plantations, avoideddeforestation by creating protected areas and throughpolicy changes to slow rates of land-use changes suchas clearing. Megagram (Mg)-year (also known as`ton-year') accounting provides a mechanism forexpressing the benefits of activities such as these ona consistent basis. One can calculate the atmosphericload of each GHG that will be present in each year,expressed as C in the form of CO2 and itsinstantaneous impact equivalent contributed by othergases. The atmospheric load of CO2-equivalent Cpresent over a time horizon is a possible indicator ofthe climatic impact of the emission that placed thisload in the atmosphere. Conversely, this index alsoprovides a measure of the benefit of notproducing the emission. One accounting methodcompares sequestered CO2 in trees with theCO2 that would be in the atmosphere had thesequestration project not been undertaken, whileanother method (used in this paper) compares theatmospheric load of C (or equivalent in non-CO2GHGs) in both project and no-project scenarios.Time preference, expressed by means of a discount rateon C, can be applied to Mg-year equivalencecalculations to allow societal decisions regarding thevalue of time to be integrated into the system forcalculating global warming impacts and benefits. Giving a high value to time, either by raising thediscount rate or by shortening the time horizon,increases the value attributed to temporarysequestration (such as many forest plantationprojects). A high value for time also favorsmitigation measures that have rapid effects (such asslowing deforestation rates) as compared to measuresthat only affect emissions years in the future (suchas creating protected areas in countries with largeareas of remaining forest). Decisions on temporalissues will guide mitigation efforts towards optionsthat may or may not be desirable on the basis ofsocial and environmental effects in spheres other thanglobal warming. How sustainable development criteriaare incorporated into the approval and creditingsystems for activities under the Kyoto Protocol willdetermine the overall environmental and social impactsof pending decisions on temporal issues. 相似文献
703.
Schaeffer Roberto Logan Jeffrey Szklo Alexandre Salem Chandler William de Souza Marques João Carlos 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2001,6(1):47-69
This study analyzes the options for meeting power demand in the Brazilianpower sector through the year 2015. Three policy cases are constructedto test economic and environmental policy measures against a baseline:advanced technologies scenario, environmental control scenario and carbon(C) elimination scenario. Least-cost modeling simulated these scenarios throughchanges in emissions fees and caps, costs for advanced technologies,demand side efficiency, and clean energy supplies. Results show that, in theabsence of alternative policies, new additions to Brazil's electric powersector will shift rapidly from hydroelectricity to combined-cycle natural gasplants. When the cost of environmental impacts are incorporated in theprice of power, the least-cost mix of electric power generation technologycould change in other ways. In all scenarios, energy efficiency andcogeneration play an important role in the least-cost power solution. Savingelectricity through increased efficiency offsets the needs for new supply andhas enormous potential in Brazil's industrial sector. Efficiency also reducesthe environmental burden associated with electricity production andtransmission, without compromising the quality of the services demandedby end users. Interesting enough, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will remainrelatively low under almost every conceivable scenario. 相似文献
704.
705.
介绍用活性炭和天然锰砂作反应剂交互作用处理镀水的研究,实验结果表明,活性炭:天少=2:3,加鼓氧,静置后过滤,废水处理效率更好,Zn^2+的去除率达99.8%,Fe^3+去除率达99.6%,废水PH值上升到6.0达到国家废水排放标准。 相似文献
706.
In order to develop new reference materials for microanalytical nuclear techniques, scanning proton microprobe(SPM) technique was used to determine homogeneity level within 100x200 μm2 micro-area on the small pieces of IAEA urban dust reference materials. The experimental methods were described in detail. The results show that IAEA-396A/M Vienna urban dust is homogeneous enough for small sample analysis of standard reference material (SRM). 相似文献
707.
利用毛细管气相色谱法测定水和废水中的丙烯酰胺 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
本文采用毛细管色谱法建立了水和废水中丙烯酰胺的测定程序。以活性炭柱吸附、浓缩样品中的丙烯酰胺,用甲醇洗脱,洗脱液用FID测定。方法回收率为83.1~99.0%,相对标准偏差为5.34%,检出限为0.016mg/L。 相似文献
708.
阐述了环境适应性与环境工程的概念,对国内外环境适应性领 域的现状作了介绍和分析。提出了建立环境工程及其管理体系的思 路和建议措施,以及装备研制周期各阶段的各项环境工程工作项目 及工作重点。 相似文献
709.
Will Simplified Modalities and Procedures Make More Small-Scale Forestry Projects Viable Under the Clean Development Mechanism? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bruno Locatelli Lucio Pedroni 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(3):621-643
Simplified modalities and procedures (M&P) are expected to increase the viability of small-scale project activities under
the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). A small-scale afforestation or reforestation (AR) project is defined as a project removing
less than 8 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per year. Depending on the project type and the method for measuring scale, 8 kilotons of CO2e per year correspond to highly diverse areas, possibly ranging from 200 to 6000 ha. Using a model to calculate the minimum
project scale above which the CDM is a positive financial incentive for eligible AR project activities, the paper analyzes
whether a reduction of transaction costs under simplified M&P will be a sufficient incentive to motivate small-scale participation
in the CDM. Model results show that, even under optimistic assumptions on carbon market conditions and transaction costs,
small-scale project activities will not benefit from simplified M&P. Results also show that project activities removing more
than 8 kilotons of CO2e per year and registered as small-scale would be the ones that could benefit the most from simplified M&P. It is concluded
that the participation of small-scale project activities to the CDM requires more than simplified M&P, the price of expiring
Certified Emission Reductions being one of the most critical parameters. 相似文献
710.
颗粒活性炭对UASB处理垃圾渗滤液促进作用的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对比研究,考查了用UASB处理垃圾渗滤液时,投加颗粒活性炭对加速UASB反应器中污泥颗粒化进程、缩短启动时间、提高处理效果的影响。结果显示:启动时间缩短了近1/3,最大有机负荷提高近40%且出现了更大颗粒污泥,但COD去除效率没有明显提高。 相似文献