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81.
Scott Murtishaw Jayant Sathaye Christina Galitsky Kristel Dorion 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(3):645-665
The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas (CSDA)
conducted technical studies and organized two training workshops to develop capacity in Central America for the evaluation
of climate change projects. This paper describes the results of two baseline case studies conducted for these workshops, one
for the power sector and one for the cement industry, that were devised to illustrate certain approaches to baseline setting.
Multiproject baseline emission rates (BERs) for the main Guatemalan electricity grid were calculated from 2001 data. In recent
years, the Guatemalan power sector has experienced rapid growth; thus, a sufficient number of new plants have been built to
estimate viable BERs. We found that BERs for baseload plants offsetting additional baseload capacity ranged from 0.702 kgCO2/kWh
(using a weighted average stringency) to 0.507 kgCO2/kWh (using a 10th percentile stringency), while the baseline for plants
offsetting load-following capacity is lower at 0.567 kgCO2/kWh. For power displaced from existing load-following plants, the
rate is higher, 0.735 kgCO2/kWh, as a result of the age of some plants used for meeting peak loads and the infrequency of
their use. The approved consolidated methodology for the Clean Development Mechanism yields a single rate of 0.753 kgCO2/kWh.
Due to the relatively small number of cement plants in the region and the regional nature of the cement market, all of Central
America was chosen as the geographic boundary for setting cement industry BERs. Unfortunately, actual operations and output
data were unobtainable for most of the plants in the region, and many data were estimated. Cement industry BERs ranged from
205 kgCO2 to 225 kgCO2 per metric ton of cement. 相似文献
82.
There has been growing concern over the build-up of greenhouse gase(GHGs) in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), as acause of global warming. The IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001) suggests two ways in which the choice of materials could berelevant. First, some materials, particularly wood, have the advantage thatthey continue to hold carbon (C)in their cells even after being convertedto products. The implications of this feature are well researched. Second,an area that is not well researched relates to the different energyrequirements for producing similar products made with different materials. Using the findings of recent research, this paper compares the energyrequirements and C emissions of manufacturing a product using wood withthat of other materials. The case study of utility poles demonstrates thepositive C and global warming consequences of the lower energyrequirements of wood in the U.S., compared to other materials such assteel or concrete. It demonstrates that GHG emissions associated withutility poles are a small but significant percent of total US annual emissions. Wood utility poles are associated with GHG emission reductions of 163Terragrams (Tg) of CO2 when compared with steel poles. This isabout 2.8 percent of US annual GHG emissions, which are estimated atabout 5.28 Petragrams (Pg) of CO2 annually. Thus, the use ofwooden utility poles rather than steel results in a small but significantreduction in total US emissions. 相似文献
83.
LAO Shan-gen 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2002,14(1):132-135
IntroductionBeforethe 1 980sconventionaltreatmentprocessesofphenolswastewateraresolventextraction ,physicaladsorption ,chemicaloxidationandaerobicbiologicalprocess.Amongthebiologicalunitprocessesactivatedsludgeprocessismainone.Afterthe 1 980sanaerobicbiologic… 相似文献
84.
85.
苯的衍生物在活性炭/水界面上的吸附标准自由能及与其分子结构的关系 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
测定了25℃时活性炭自水中吸附苯、苯酚、苯胺、对-氯苯酚、苯甲酸、对-羟基苯甲酸、对-氯苯胺、硝基苯、对-氨基苯甲酸、对-硝式苯酚、对-硝基苯胺、对硝基苯甲酸的等温线,它们的等温线均为Langmuir型的,利用Langmuir参数计算了吸吸标准自由能变化△G^0,计算结果表明,△G^0具有加和性,即化合物的△G^0是组成该化合物各基团贡献之总和,化合物的分子量及分子连接性指数与△G^0有近似的线性关系。 相似文献
86.
87.
针对粉粒状物料在散装发送过程中 ,容易引起粉尘飞扬的问题 ,利用现代脉动跟踪技术和表面过滤技术 ,设计研制的除尘系统 ,始终将吸尘罩与料堆扬尘点的动态相对位置控制在合理的范围内 ,实现了粉粒状物流连续自动的、环保高效作用 相似文献
88.
高频电磁辐射防护材料的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
电磁污染已经成为一种不容忽视的全球性社会公害。因此,本文通过测量多种材料在不同高频电磁场源(即高频设备)和不同距离时对高频电磁场的屏蔽效率,获得了大量数据,并对所测数据用最小二乘法进行拟合处理,绘出了这些材料在不同高频场源下的屏蔽效果曲线。经分析,筛选出经济实用的高频近区场个人防护材料,具有推广应用的价值。 相似文献
89.
90.
Jung Sik Koh 《环境科学学报(英文版)》1993,5(3):269-278
The relationship between man-made CO2 emission and atmospheric CO2 concentration has been established. The factors that affect CO2 reduction allotment and the impacts on future energy demand and supply were discussed, in order to help energy policy makers both in developed countries and in developing countries for understanding the fundamental constraint on energy sector resulted from global warming related CO2 reduction, and hopefully in finding a common objective starting point to deal with global warming negotiation in energy sector, and to investigate the optimum stabilization goal and process acceptable to all sovereign countries that based on equity and applicability. 相似文献