UASB反应器处理CMC废水的启动特性研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,以高浓度羧甲基纤维素(CMC)废水为处理对象,研究了中温条件下UASB反应器的启动、颗粒污泥特性和废水处理效果.结果表明,采用接种颗粒污泥与消化污泥的混合泥进行培养,并逐步提高进水CMC废水浓度,运行80 d后,可实现UASB反应器的启动;当进水COD值达到4 000 mg/L,容积负荷6.86 kg/(m3.d),COD去除率在80%以上;反应器内污泥实现颗粒化,且颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性良好.     

城市生活垃圾中可生化单基质的厌氧消化

在厌氧消化系统中,发酵细菌最主要的利用基质是淀粉、纤维素、脂肪和蛋白质等。本试验分别选取米饭、黄豆、芹菜和肥肉为上述四种基质的代表物质,通过对各物质进行的厌氧消化试验,探讨了它们的厌氧消化性能。结果表明。米饭在发酵初期降解速率最快,酸化也最明显。同时将消化初始阶段的pH控制在6．5时能使消化进入产甲烷阶段,没控制的只能停留在水解产酸阶段。将黄豆厌氧消化初期的pH控制在6．5并不能使消化顺利进行。将芹菜厌氧消化的初始pH值控制在6．5时可以加快它的降解速率。肥肉的厌氧消化也只有在对其消化进程控制pH值时才能顺利被降解。同时肥肉在厌氧消化进程中表现出了高产甲烷性能,产甲烷阶段累积产气量达13758mL,占总产气量的93．59％．     

稻秆负荷与pH对稻秆厌氧发酵产酸系统启动过程的影响

为探讨稻秆负荷（即稻秆VS/污泥VSS）与发酵pH对稻秆厌氧发酵产酸系统启动过程产挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）效果的影响,利用厌氧搅拌罐反应系统考察在不同的稻秆负荷（0.556、0.945、1.334和1.724 g/g）和不同的发酵pH（8.0、9.0和10.0）启动运行条件下的产酸性能,并分析了系统启动过程产酸与稻秆主要成分降解之间的关系。实验结果表明,VFAs浓度随稻秆负荷提高而增大,随发酵pH的升高而降低;发酵18 d时,发酵pH为9.0时,稻秆负荷1.334 g/g的产酸效果最好,VFAs浓度与稻秆产酸量分别为4 385.10 mg/L和2.19 gVFAs/g稻秆,此时半纤维素、纤维素和酸性洗涤木质素降解率分别为32.69%、22.53%和6.40%;稻秆负荷为0.945 g/g条件下,VFAs浓度在pH为8.0时达到最高值4 409.51 mg/L,此时稻秆降解量也最多,半纤维素、纤维素和酸性洗涤木质素降解率分别为28.60%、47.32%和22.69%。研究表明,稻秆负荷与发酵pH通过影响稻秆半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解影响稻秆厌氧发酵产酸的进程和效果。     

Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in a laboratory controlled composting test

A laboratory method is presented for investigating the biodegradation of an organic test material in an aerobic composting system based on the evolution of carbon dioxide. In addition to carbon conversion, biodegradation can also be monitored through weight loss and physical disintegration. The test method is different from other biodegradation tests, especially aquatic tests, because of the elevated temperature representative for real composting conditions and also because of enhanced fungal degradation activities. A ring test was run using paper and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate/valerate as test materials and cellulose powder as a reference material. The test results and the experience gained by the participants showed that the method is suitable and practicable. Experience with real technical-scale composting facilities confirms that the method provides test results of high predictive value. The test is designed to become a European Standard in connection with determining the compostability of packagings and packaging materials.     

Simple fabrication of carboxymethyl cellulose and κ-carrageenan composite aerogel with efficient performance in removal of fluoroquinolone antibiotics from water

● A composite aerogel was simply obtained to remove various fluoroquinolones (FQs). ● The structural and textural properties of this composite aerogel are improved. ● Its adsorption capacity was improved at a low content of coexisting Cu²⁺ or Fe³⁺ ion. ● Two substructural analogs of FQs are compared to explore the adsorption mechanisms. ● This aerogel after saturated adsorption can be reused directly for Cu²⁺ adsorption. 3D composite aerogels (CMC-CG) composed of carboxymethyl cellulose and κ-carrageenan were designed and fabricated using the one-pot synthesis technique. The optimized CMC-CG showed a good mechanical property and a high swelling ratio due to its superior textural properties with a proper chemically cross-linked interpenetrating network structure. CMC-CG was utilized for the removal of various fluoroquinolones (FQs) from water and exhibited high adsorption performance because of effective electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding interactions. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a popular FQ, was used as the representative. The optimized CMC-CG had a theoretically maximal CIP uptake of approximately 1.271 mmol/g at the pH of 5.0. The adsorption capacity of CMC-CG was improved in the presence of some cations, Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions, at a low concentration through the bridging effect but was reduced at a high concentration. The investigation of adsorption mechanisms, based on the adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic study, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses before and after adsorption, and changes in the adsorption performance of CMC-CG toward two molecular probes, further indicated that electrostatic attraction was the dominant interaction rather than hydrogen bonding in this adsorption. CMC-CG after saturated adsorption of CIP could be easily regenerated using a dilute NaCl aqueous solution and reused efficiently. Moreover, the disused aerogel could still be reused as a new adsorbent for effective adsorption of Cu²⁺ ion. Overall, this study suggested the promising applications of this composite aerogel as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and recyclable adsorbent for the efficient removal of FQs from water.     

TEMPO氧化微晶纤维素和马来酸酐接枝微晶纤维素的制备及对Cu2+的吸附

通过马来酸酐(MA)固相接枝和四甲基哌啶(TEMPO)氧化体系改性微晶纤维素(MCC)制备了两种重金属离子吸附剂,对比了MA和TEMPO氧化体系对MCC的改性后对铜离子的吸附效果。结果表明:两者对MCC的改性都有效果,在铜离子浓度小于500 mg/L时,经TEMPO改性的MCC吸附容量和吸附率明显大于MA改性的MCC。经TEMPO改性后的MCC对铜离子的吸附性能提高,在室温条件下,0.22 g改性后MCC对pH=5.77,浓度为20 mg/L的铜离子溶液最大吸附率为90.56%,最大吸附容量为9.1 mg/g。     

堆肥中高效降解纤维素林丹复合菌系的构建及功能

以4种高温期的堆肥样品为材料,经2种筛选方法、多代淘汰及其不同系之间优化组合,最后筛选驯化出一组能有效降解纤维素和林丹的复合微生物菌系.该复合系对滤纸、脱脂棉、稻秸粉和锯末等不同纤维素材料均有较强分解能力,相比之下对天然纤维素含量高的碳源(如滤纸、脱脂棉)分解活性更高.两者的CMC糖化活性在第5d都达到40U以上,分解率达到95%以上.该复合菌系能在较大的pH范围内保持高的纤维素林丹分解活性,在pH为7.0、8.0、9.0条件下林丹降解率均较高,达到45%以上,而纤维素分解率也都在90%以上.而且在pH6～9之间的培养条件下,林丹降解与滤纸分解之间有很好的一致性.     

不同采样膜对大气颗粒物酸性测定影响的研究

颗粒物特别是酸性细粒子对人体呼吸系统具有毒性效应,且颗粒物呈酸性还会加速许多气溶胶二次组分的形成,从而影响环境和气候.因此,本文在美国环保署(EPA)制定的颗粒物酸性标准测定方法的基础上,分别采用玻璃膜、石英膜、Teflon膜和复合纤维素酯滤膜(MCE膜)在实验室中进行平行提取测定,探讨各种膜对颗粒物酸性测定的影响,确定不同条件下加入H+量与提取H+量之间的标准曲线,评价不同采样膜对颗粒物酸性测定的准确性与精密度.结果显示,Teflon膜、MCE膜、石英膜、玻璃膜用于颗粒物酸性测定,其测定的精密度和准确性分别为9.4%和7.8%、9.9%和13.0%、15.6%和18.1%、17.8%和16.1%.玻璃膜用于H+的数据测定时,由于其标准曲线的斜率变化范围大(0.745～1.048),基质碱性物质背景值高,导致测定的潜在误差最大.     

纤维素降解真菌Y5的筛选及其对小麦秸秆降解效果

为了利用纤维素降解菌促进作物秸秆快速腐解还田,解决秸秆资源浪费和污染环境问题,进行了高效秸秆纤维素降解微生物的筛选和降解效果研究.采用固体平板和液体摇瓶培养,从黑龙江黑土样品中筛选出1株能够降解羧甲基纤维素、秸秆木质纤维素、高产纤维素酶的丝状真菌Y5,通过形态学观察和ITS rDNA序列分析对该真菌进行了初步鉴定.利用DNS还原糖方法,对菌株在不同的培养时间、纤维素类型、氮源种类以及初始pH值情况下纤维素酶活力进行了研究.采用失重法、液体摇瓶法对菌株降解小麦秸秆的能力进行了研究.结果表明,筛选的秸秆降解菌株Y5经鉴定为赭绿青霉(Penicilliumochrochloron).菌株Y5液体培养4 d的全酶活(FPA)和内切酶活(EG)最高,分别为53 IU/mL和55 IU/mL,比对照菌株(绿色木霉AS3.3711)高出22.6%和18.2%;Y5菌株以小麦秸秆为作用底物时的酶活最高,2种酶活分别比对照菌株提高27.5%和24.8%;以NaNO3为氮源时酶活性最大,FPA和EG比菌株AS3.3711分别提高35.7%和14.9%;培养液初始pH为6时全酶活最大为51.4 IU/mL.菌株Y5培养10 d降解...     

Evaluation of the Biodegradation of Starch and Cellulose Under Controlled Composting Conditions

In order to verify the response of the controlled composting test method (i.e., the ISO/DIS 14855:1997, the ASTM D 5338-92, or the CEN counterpart) to starch at different concentrations, the maximum amount prescribed by the test method (100 g) and lower amounts (60 and 30 g), as if starch were a coingredient in a blend, were tested. After 44 days of incubation (at a constant temperature of 58°C) the biodegradation curves were in a plateau phase, displaying the following final values (referred to a nominal starch initial amount of 100 g): starch 100 g, 97.5%; starch 60 g, 63.7%; and starch 30 g, 32.5%. The data show a CO₂ evolution roughly equal, in each case, to the theoretical maximum, indicating a complete starch mineralization. We cannot discern whether the deviations found at lower concentrations are caused by a priming effect. In any case, the extent of the deviations is not high and is acceptable in biodegradation studies. The average biodegradation of cellulose, obtained gathering four independent experiments with 11 biodegradation curves, turned out to be 96.8 ± 6.7% (SD) after 47 ± 1 days. The data indicate that the controlled composting is a reliable test method also for starch and cellulose and, consequently, for starch-based and cellulose-based materials.