有机肥与化肥的生产能耗、投入成本和环境效益比较分析——以污泥堆肥生产有机肥为例

针对目前国内肥料生产和施用现状,分别从能耗、成本和污染物排放等三个方面对有机肥和化肥进行比较分析。化肥生产呈现高能耗和高污染排放,而有机肥则表现为低能耗、无污染的特点,同时还可消纳废弃物,减轻污染负荷。从投入成本上分析,化肥相对于有机肥具有一定优势,其单位面积和折纯养分投入分别是有机肥的53%和26%。有机肥相对于化肥,其污染物排放负荷很低。从节能减排和降低投入的角度,提出支持基于废弃物资源化的有机肥产业化发展。     

Attributes of Occupational Injury Among Workers in the Chemical Industry and Safety Issues

Case-study research was carried out with a view to find the attributes of occupational injury among workers in the chemical industry and to enhance safety issues. Injury data were collected and processed in terms of different variables, such as age, gender, skills, type of hazard, etc. Pareto analysis was then applied to find a pattern of occupational injury among the workers. The study revealed that 79.52% of the injured workers were in the 40–59 age group; 57.14% of accidents occurred during the 1st shift; 73.26% of accidents caused injury to hands, feet, chest to thigh, arms and eyes; and 70.93% of injuries were caused by pumps, carrying and lifting, vehicles, pipelines, valves, and grinding. Surprisingly, no one was injured in the group of temporary workers. The paper also provides specific suggestions followed by some action plans.     

我国水污染治理行业2012年发展综述

综述了2012年我国水污染治理行业发展状况及发展环境;阐述并评价了行业市场运营、行业骨干企业经营、行业技术创新发展的状况;分析了行业目前的市场热点及发展趋势。     

高效絮凝剂制备的前期浸取研究

我国油田多采用絮凝剂处理含油污水。为得到高效、廉价的絮凝剂,使用赤泥最优化制备聚合氯化铝铁。通过化学分析法和X射线衍射分析,得出赤泥中铝﹑铁元素含量。正交实验结果表明:影响Fe溶出的因素由强到弱依次为盐酸用量系数﹑反应温度﹑目数和反应时间,最佳浸出条件为目数80～120、液固比5.5、反应温度95℃、反应时间3.5h。     

广州市秋季PM2.5中重金属的污染水平与化学形态分析

采用消解法和连续提取法分析了广州市秋季PM_2.5样品中10种重金属元素的总量和化学形态,对广州市PM_2.5中重金属的污染水平和生物有效性进行了评价.结果表明,广州市PM_2.5和重金属污染非常严重,其中PM_2.5日浓度高达0.083 3～0.190 0 mg·m^-3,为1997年美国EPA相应标准的1.3～2.9倍.PM_2.5中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Mo的富集因子K>10,是典型的污染元素;而Ni、Mn、Co和Fe的K值为1～10,除部分来自人为活动外,主要还是自然作用来源.化学形态分析结果显示,超过80％的Al和Fe分布在有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态和残渣态,而大部分Zn、Pb、Cd 和Cu分布在可溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐态、可氧化态和可还原态.生物有效性系数(K)分析结果说明,PM_2.5中重金属的生物有效性相对强弱顺序为：Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Mn>Mo>Co>Ni>Fe>Al.其中Cd、Zn和Pb的K>0.8,为生物可利用性元素;Cu、Mn、Mo、Co和Ni的K值在0.5左右,为潜在生物可利用性元素;Fe和Al的K<0.2,为生物不可利用性元素.     

Performance of a water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 m2 was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks’ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 21.78% of total nitrogen (TN) and 23.02% of total phosphorus (TP). Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the di erences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth.We concluded that a water hyacinth system was e ective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.     

清洁生产在企业发展循环经济中的应用

我国人口众多,资源相对贫乏,生态环境脆弱。当前,继续沿用原来的"三高"粗放型生产模式,必然会对现有的资源和生态环境造成更大的浪费和破坏,走循环经济之路已成为我国贯彻落实科学发展观,实现可持续发展战略的必然选择。本文针对我国的实际,分析了企业的生存现状,叙述了清洁生产、循环经济的含义,着重提出企业推行清洁生产,向循环经济型企业转化的重要性。     

化工类高校化学药品仓库管理的探讨

结合学校化学药品仓库的特点,对仓库的选址,药品的分类保管,建立健全各种化学药品管理制度等方面予以阐述,总结出一套安全高效的管理模式。     

化工项目环境影响评价报告编写要点

化工项目因存在环境风险大,评价要求高等特点,成为各类建设项目环境影响评价中难度较大的一类。与一般建设项目相比,化工项目环境影响评价报告中的工程分析、污染治理措施、风险评价三个专题尤显重要。通过逐步分析工艺流程、细致计算物料平衡实现有序而深入的工程分析;通过合理分类、技术经济论证来确定合理有效的污染治理措施;通过分析项目特征风险因素制定高效的风险防范措施和应急预案,可高效、准确地做好化工项目的环境影响评价工作。     

UASB处理高浓度精细化工综合废水的启动研究

通过实验室小试,研究了UASB反应器对于精细化工废水中高浓度、难降解有机污染物的去除。在水质监测的基础上,研究了UASB反应器启动过程中各指标变化规律;比较了不同的水力负荷与进水COD浓度对工艺运行的影响;比较了VFA与出水COD的相关性;培养出了成型的颗粒污泥。UASB反应器进水COD浓度达到3 500 mg/L时,容积负荷达到7.0 kgCOD/（m^3.d）。试验证明,采用“UASB＋好氧”工艺可改善化工废水的可生化性,可有效去除高浓度化工废水中难降解的有机污染物。