Exoautometabolic regulation of transgenes in microorganisms

Data on the existence of a specific system regulating the growth, size, and structure of enterobacterial populations are first summarized in terms of the chemical ecology concept formulated by S.S. Shvarts. The role of this system in transgene functioning is described using the example of the lux operon integrated into Escherichia coli. A relatively simple test for estimating such interactions is proposed.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 91–96.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Pshenichnov, Maslennikova, Nikitina.     

大坝拦截对河流水溶解组分化学组成的影响分析——以夏季乌江渡水库为例

以乌江渡水库为主要研究对象，揭示了大坝拦截条件下的夏季水化学特征：阴离子以HCO-3,SO2-4为主，阳离子以Ca2+,Mg2+为主，其余离子含量低于10%，说明了碳酸盐岩的风化对水体化学组成起到了主要控制作用，蒸发盐岩石的风化对水体化学组成影响较小。水库水体存在温度分层现象，形成了不同层位的水体有着不同的水化学组成，即水化学分层。水化学的分层形成了溶解组分在水库垂直深度上的规律分布，比如受藻类的影响，Si和叶绿素随深度成相反的变化特征；HCO-3受光合作用和有机质降解的影响，30 m 以上随着水深的增加而递增，30 m 以下呈现相反趋势；水库泄水方式明显改变了水化学各种参数和离子在水体中的分配。乌江水库两主要支流（息烽河和偏岩河）分别对乌江渡坝前水体中的Ca2+,SO2-4,HCO-3,Mg2+和K+,Na+,Cl-有贡献。网箱养鱼、生活污水、农业施肥、酸性矿山废水以及酸雨沉降都会对水体造成不同程度的污染。     

渤海湾大型底栖生物群落结构变化及原因探讨

根据近6年来的渤海湾大型底栖生物群落的资料,以及2011年的现场调查数据,从渤海湾底栖生物群落结构的变化特征出发,分析了其变化的过程和规律.同时结合渤海湾水域近几年来的水动力条件以及营养盐、溶解氧等水质特征变化,探讨底栖生物群落变化的原因.结果表明,渤海湾大型底栖生物的物种数、生物量、丰度、丰富度指数、多样性指数的高值区皆集中分布在海河口北侧离岸较远的海域,而低值区则基本集中分布近岸海域,且呈现由近岸向外海逐渐增加的趋势.渤海湾大型底栖生物群落变化可大体分为3个明显的时间节点:第一个时间节点为2005年和2008年,底栖生物群落无论总物种数、生物量和丰度都较高;第二个时间节点为2009年和2010年,底栖生物群落的上述指标值最低,表明这两年渤海湾受自然变化和人为因素干扰的程度加剧;2011年,由于渤海湾水域的各项强有力的环保措施的实施,底栖生物群落的上述指标值最高,说明其得到一定程度的恢复.渤海湾水域底栖生物群落变化受到该区域的物理因素、化学因素和生物因素的共同影响,变化特征也与各环境因素的变化基本吻合.     

北京市PM_(2.5)主要化学组分浓度水平研究与特征分析

为研究北京市大气环境PM_(2.5)中主要化学组分特征,于2012年8月—2013年7月期间,在北京市定陵、车公庄、东四、石景山、通州、房山、亦庄和榆垡等8个点位开展为期1年的样品采集,共计采集472组样品,分析每组样品中OC、EC、水溶性离子和18种无机元素等组分.研究结果表明,本次研究的组分重建后和实际PM_(2.5)浓度相关性显著,相关系数为0.94,所测组分平均占PM_(2.5)总量的90%;各点位不同季节PM_(2.5)中主要的组分均为OC、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+,呈南高北低的趋势,冬季OC是夏季的1.7倍,NO_3~-和SO2--4在四季呈交替状态,除榆垡点位的SO_4~(2-)NO_3~-外,其他点位均是NO_3~-SO_4~(2-),4种主要的组分质量浓度分别为(23.1±21.4)、(20.3±23.4)、(19.4±22.2)、(13.6±15.2)μg·m-3,占PM_(2.5)总含量的18.5%、16.3%、15.6%、10.9%;研究水溶性离子发现,8个点位全年SNA/PM_(2.5)比例为42.8%,其中,夏季最高(49.9%),秋季较低(31.1%),NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)比值平均为1.05,相对往年研究结果 NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)比值有增加的趋势.     

烟气脱硫溶液中硫酸根的去除

分别采用石灰乳化学沉淀法和低温结晶法去除烟气脱硫溶液中的SO42-。实验结果表明：在室温、CaO溶液质量分数25%的条件下,石灰乳化学沉淀法对SO42-的去除率仅为59.51%,且向溶液中引入了Ca2+,产生的硫酸钙固体废物难以再生利用;采用低温结晶法处理烟气脱硫溶液,在结晶温度7 ℃、结晶时间3 h、NaOH加入量34.8 g/L的条件下,SO42-的去除率为82.04%、滤液中的ρ（Na+）为3.88 g/L。在现场工业应用试验中,采用低温结晶法去除烟气脱硫溶液中的SO42-,平均SO42-的去除率可达70.00%以上,滤液中的ρ（Na+）小于15.00 g/L。该法可有效抑制烟气脱硫溶液中SO42-含量的增加。     

电镀企业竣工环保验收监测及后续监管中存在问题探讨

结合电镀企业竣工环保验收监测工作实践,对单位产品基准排水量和排气量的计算和评价,电镀标准中对污染物处理设施排气量的规定,第一类污染物在不同采样点评价标准的选择,重金属排放总量计算以及后续电镀企业废水、废气、污泥监管中存在的问题进行了探讨,并提出了相应的建议。     

2001～2003年间北京大气降水的化学特征

为了了解北京大气降水的化学组成与时间变化特征,连续进行了2年的降雨采样与分析.在65个降雨样品中,12%的降水呈酸性;全年降水的酸度主要取决于夏季的降水.SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺与Ca²⁺是含量最丰富的组分,其平均浓度均接近或超过200礶q/L.比较分析表明,在近几年,SO₄^2-对降水酸度的贡献显著降低,降水的硫污染特征减弱,而No₃^-的贡献显著增加.人为污染元素和地壳元素的浓度均在冬春季较高,在夏季最低.     

Bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere of nineteen plant species and antimicrobial activity of their leaf secondary metabolites against leaf associated bacteria

Summary. The scope of this work was to examine whether leaf constitutive secondary metabolites play a role in determining bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere. To this aim, we surveyed nineteen native or cultivated plant species that share a common bacterial pool in a North Mediterranean area, and estimated the size of total and ice nucleation active (INA) bacterial populations on their leaves. Large differences in the colonization of their phyllosphere were found; the population size of epiphytic bacteria ranged from 7.5 × 10² to 1 × 10⁶ CFU/g fresh weight, in eucalypt and celery, respectively. Species native in Mediterranean-type climate areas, particularly those belonging to the group of aromatic plants, are characterized by scarce presence of INA bacteria. The antibacterial activity of essential oils, surface phenolics and leaf tissue extracts was also estimated against the INA strains P. syringae and E. herbicola, isolated from two of these plant species. E. herbicola proved more sensitive than P. syringae. Of the species examined, oregano [Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link.) Ietswaart], an aromatic plant, had the highest antimicrobial activity, whereas six species showed no activity at all. Further experiments were performed with oregano and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) that represent two extremes in their secondary metabolite content. Both plants were inoculated with P. syringae. By the end of incubation, the bacterial population on bean plants was about 100 times higher than that on oregano leaves. Scanning electron micrographs showed that bacterial growth on oregano leaves was confined to sites away from glandular hairs. Results from the bacterial colonization survey together with those from the toxicity tests showed that all species rich in antibacterial secondary metabolites harbored low leaf bacterial populations. These results provide substantial evidence that leaf secondary metabolites function as constitutive defense chemicals against microbial invasions. However, the fact that species with non- or moderately active leaf secondary metabolites are not always highly colonized suggests mediation of other unknown factors, the contribution of which requires further investigation.     

Validation of a Lagrangian dispersion model implementing different kernel methods for density reconstruction

In this paper the inert version of a Lagrangian particle model named photochemical Lagrangian particle model (PLPM) is described and validated. PLPM implements four density reconstruction algorithms based on the kernel density estimator. All these methods are fully grid-free but they differ each other in considering local or global features of the particles distribution, in treating the Cartesian directions separately or together and in being based on receptors or particles positions in space. Each kernel has been shown to have both advantages and disadvantages, but the overall good performances of the model when compared with the well known Copenhagen and Kincaid data sets are very encouraging in view of its extension to fully chemically active simulations, currently under development.