香港地区大气气溶胶化学特征及其传输研究

通过分析2010—2011年香港地区5个站点大气中PM₁₀的化学特征,并结合大气传输扩散模式（HYSPLIT）对香港地区大气中PM₁₀及其化学成分进行统计研究,判断颗粒物污染的特点和生成来源。结果表明：二次无机离子（硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐）、有机物、元素碳、海盐、矿尘是PM₁₀中主要化学成分,其中二次无机离子贡献最大,占PM₁₀的33.0%;香港地区主要受到来自内地东部沿海、内地中西部地区、东部及南部海洋4类气团的影响;不同站点PM₁₀及其化学成分差异主要受到气团来源影响,来自陆地的气团传输是香港气溶胶污染的主要成因。     

云南省地表水水化学特征及成因

对云南省主要河流、湖泊、水库等地表水的水化学特征及其分布规律进行了分析,简要分析了基本成因和影响因素.     

A new environmental chamber for evaluation of gas-phase chemical mechanisms and secondary aerosol formation

A new state-of-the-art indoor environmental chamber facility for the study of atmospheric processes leading to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been constructed and characterized. The chamber is designed for atmospheric chemical mechanism evaluation at low reactant concentrations under well-controlled environmental conditions. It consists of two collapsible 90 m³ FEP Teflon film reactors on pressure-controlled moveable frameworks inside a temperature-controlled enclosure flushed with purified air. Solar radiation is simulated with either a 200 kW Argon arc lamp or multiple blacklamps. Results of initial characterization experiments, all carried out at 300–305 K under dry conditions, concerning NO_x and formaldehyde offgasing, radical sources, particle loss rates, and background PM formation are described. Results of initial single organic–NO_x and simplified ambient surrogate–NO_x experiments to demonstrate the utility of the facility for mechanism evaluation under low NO_x conditions are summarized and compared with the predictions of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism. Overall, the results of the initial characterization and evaluation indicate that this new environmental chamber can provide high quality mechanism evaluation data for experiments with NO_x levels as low as 2 ppb, though the results indicate some problems with the gas-phase mechanism that need further study. Initial evaluation experiments for SOA formation, also carried out under dry conditions, indicate that the chamber can provide high quality secondary aerosol formation data at relatively low hydrocarbon concentrations.     

Soil phytoremediation from the breakdown products of the chemical warfare agent, yperite

A plant-based bioremediation (phytoremediation) strategy has been developed and shown to be effective for the clean-up of soil contaminated by the breakdown products of the chemical warfare agent (CWA), yperite. The method involves exploiting the plant growth hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), to intensify the phytoremediation. For determination of the yperite breakdown products, gas chromatography is used. Soil and plant samples were analysed with a gas chromatograph fitted with an atomic emission detector. The method of standard-free determination was employed to identify sulphur-containing substances (SCSs). A series of soil tests was conducted, which showed that the level of SCSs decreased 4, 8, and more than 20-fold compared with that found in contaminated soil. This decrease was dependent upon the IAA concentrations used for plant treatment. The treated plants accumulated 2.7 to 2.9-fold larger amounts of the SCSs than did the untreated plants. Owing to its simplicity, environmental safety and inexpensiveness, the method can be recommended for the restoration of soil fertility in areas of storage and destruction of blister CWAs.     

基于钙矾石沉淀法的长链二元酸生产废水预处理工艺

为避免长链二元酸生产废水中高浓度的总磷和硫酸盐对石化企业污水处理系统造成冲击,利用钙矾石沉淀法同步去除高浓度的总磷和硫酸盐,设计3因素3水平正交实验,探究了钙盐投加量、铝盐投加量和pH对污染物去除效果的影响,并优化工艺参数;利用GC-MS探究预处理前后废水有机污染组分的变化;利用XRD和XRF分析沉淀副产物的物质组成,并通过离子溶出实验探究沉淀副产物的可再利用潜力。结果表明：CaCl₂-PAC体系对污染物的去除效果优于Ca(OH)₂-PAC体系;CaCl₂-PAC体系中各因素对污染物去除效果的影响顺序为pH> CaCl₂投加量>PAC投加量;在15 g·L⁻¹ CaCl₂、20 g·L⁻¹ PAC以及初始pH=4.0的最优工艺条件下,对总磷、硫酸盐及COD的去除率分别高达98.9%、88.2%和60.2%;Ca²⁺与PO₄³⁻生成Ca₃(PO₄)₂和Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂沉淀,同时,PAC水解产物Al_a和Ca²⁺及SO₄²⁻形成单硫型硫酸铝钙(AFm)沉淀,实现对总磷和硫酸盐的高效同步去除,并通过吸附-混凝-共沉淀的综合作用大幅削减有机污染负荷;二元酸废水中有机污染物以小分子酸为主,预处理后生物降解性略有下降,但仍属于易生物降解的有机废水;沉淀副产物具有再利用于混凝土膨化剂以及植物缓释磷肥的潜力。钙矾石沉淀法预处理工艺简单、效果稳定、成本低,该工艺可为投产二元酸装置石化企业污水处理系统的稳定达标运行提供有效保障。     

农药生产废水处理方法与资源化技术

综述了农药生产废水的常用处理方法和资源化技术 ,认为在处理废水的同时 ,应尽可能地回收和利用废水中有用物质 ;同时 ,要合理采用综合处理技术 ,以期达到最佳的处理效果     

低成本含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的研究进展

低成本含磷材料包括磷灰石、骨粉、无机磷肥及无机磷酸盐,其对环境重金属污染的修复值得引起生态学、环境学更广泛的重视.详细介绍了:(1)各类低成本含磷材料结构性质;(2)含磷材料在修复土壤、沉积物、水体重金属污染方面的应用;(3)含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的机理及影响因素;(4)含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的效果评价等方面的研究进展及发展前景.     

低成本含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的研究进展

低成本含磷材料包括磷灰石、骨粉、无机磷肥及无机磷酸盐，其对环境重金属污染的修复值得引起生态学、环境学更广泛的重视。详细介绍了：（1）各类低成本含磷材料结构性质；（2）含磷材料在修复土壤、沉积物、水体重金属污染方面的应用；（3）含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的机理及影响因素；（4）含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的效果评价等方面的研究进展及发展前景。     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法脱氨机理、应用及沉淀剂循环

铵根离子可以和镁盐、磷酸根在适当的条件下生成磷酸铵镁沉淀，利用这一反应可以去除水中的氨氮。本文从磷酸铵镁的性质、反应机理、反应条件及沉淀剂循环利用等方面，对这一方法进行了介绍和总结，并对今后该技术发展提出了建议。     

煤化工废水高效反渗透工艺运行效果及膜污染特征

高效反渗透(high efficiency reverse osmosis,HERO)工艺是工业废水零排放系统浓盐水浓缩减量的关键,其运行效果显著影响浓盐水蒸发结晶的效能,直接决定系统运行的稳定性和运行成本。针对我国北方某煤化工厂废水零排放系统中的HERO工艺运行效果及膜污染特征进行了分析,以明确HERO系统的关键问题。结果表明：澄清池和弱酸阳床可有效实现废水中硬度离子的去除,其他离子与污染物主要由反渗透(RO)单元去除。废水中溶解性有机物(DOM)主要以腐殖酸类物质和微生物代谢产物(SMP)类物质为主,且腐殖酸类物质主要为微生物源。预处理阶段对SiO₂无针对性控制措施,混凝除硅效果较差(去除率29.43%),HERO进水SiO₂质量浓度较高,导致RO膜出现显著的硅复合污染,其中1段第1根膜污染物以硅和有机物耦合物、微生物及其代谢产物为主,二段最后1根膜表面出现大量颗粒状硅垢。因此,针对此HERO工艺,需进一步强化SiO₂的去除并实现其有效清洗,是缓解膜污染并提升系统稳定性的重要措施。