Speciation of heavy metals in estuarine sediments in the northeast of Brazil

An analytical procedure involving a three-step sequential extraction was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Mn and Fe) with the major phases (exchangable, reducible and oxidizable) in samples from a fishpond of estuarine sediments. The pond is located in the Capibaribe River estuary, within the boundaries of the city of Recife, in the State of Pernambuco in the northeast of Brazil. The total metal content was determined as well. All metals were extracted from the residual fraction at a percentage greater than 50%.     

Principles and perspectives

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: With respect to the enormous increase of chemical production in the last decades and the tens of thousands of individual chemicals on the market, the permanent improvement of chemical management is a permanent target to achieve the goals of sustainable consumption and production set by the WSSD in Johannesburg 2002. MAIN FEATURES: Several approaches exist to describe sustainability of chemistry. However, commonly agreed criteria are still missing. There is no doubt that products of modern chemistry help to achieve important goals of sustainability and that significant improvements have occurred regarding direct releases from production sites, but several facts demonstrate that chemistry is far from being sustainable. Still too many chemicals exhibit hazardous characteristics and pose a risk to health and environment. Too many resources are needed to produce chemicals and finished products. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Therefore, a strategy for sustainability of chemistry should be developed which comprises the following main elements: 1. Sustainable chemicals: sustainable chemical management includes a regulatory framework which makes no difference between new and existing chemicals, contains efficient information flow through the supply chain which allows users to handle chemicals safely and offers an authorisation procedure and/or an efficient restriction procedure for substances of high concern. This regulatory scheme should promote the development of inherently safe chemicals. 2. Sustainable chemical production: Sustainable chemical production needs the development and implementation of emerging alternative techniques like selective catalysis, biotechnology in order to release less CO2 and less toxic by-products, to save energy and to achieve higher yields. Information exchange on best available techniques (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP) may help to promote changes towards more sustainability. 3. Sustainable products: An integrated product policy which provides a framework for sustainable products promotes the development of products with a long-term use phase, low resource demand in production and use, low emission of hazardous substances and properties suitable for reuse and recycling. This may be promoted by eco-labelling, chemical leasing concepts and extended information measures to enhance the demand of consumers and various actors in the supply chain for sustainable products. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVE: Important tools for the promotion of sustainable chemistry are the abolition of barriers for innovation in legislation and within the chemical industry, more transparency for all users of chemical products, a new focus on sustainability in education and research, and a new way of thinking in terms of sustainability.     

郑州市民运会期间大气PM2.5改善效果评估

利用2019年8月5日至9月30日大气污染物和颗粒物组分在线数据,评估郑州市少数民族运动会空气质量管控效果.根据政府管控措施的实施时间,将研究时期分为管控前(8月5～24日)、管控中(8月25日至9月18日)和解除管控后(9月19～30日).相较管控前,管控中PM_(2.5)平均浓度增加2.3μg·m~(-3),解除管控后PM_(2.5)的浓度增加了11.7μg·m~(-3),解除管控后PM_(2.5)浓度增幅高于管控中,表明管控措施对颗粒物有显著的减排效果.从颗粒物组分来看,研究期间郑州市主要组分依次是有机物、硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根和地壳元素.相比于管控前,管控期间PM_(2.5)组分中有机物和硝酸根占比分别上升3.9%和0.9%,硫酸根、铵根和地壳元素的占比下降了1.1%、 1.9%和2.2%.利用正定矩阵因子分解法解析颗粒物来源,结果表明二次硫酸、二次硝酸、二次有机气溶胶、机动车源、工艺过程源、扬尘和燃煤是PM_(2.5)主要来源.管控对一次源中的扬尘、燃煤和工业效果显著,贡献比分别下降8.3%、 8.2%和8.1%;机动车贡献上升3.8%;二次有机气溶胶和二次硝酸占比上升.结果表明郑州市此次管控对二次前体物氮氧化物和VOCs的减排效果弱于对一次污染物的管控.     

聊城冬季一重污染过程PM2.5污染特征及成因分析

北方秋冬季为重污染过程频发季节,为了解聊城市冬季重污染过程中PM_(2.5)及化学组分污染特征,于2016年1月7~11日在聊城市区开展PM_(2.5)样品采集并分析了其中水溶性离子、碳成分及无机金属元素这3种化学组分,并对污染特征及成因进行了分析.结果表明,此次污染过程PM_(2.5)浓度呈现明显的倒V字型,平均浓度为238.3μg·m~(-3),超过国家环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)二级浓度限值2.2倍;NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为PM_(2.5)的主要水溶性离子成分;随污染加重或减轻,NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl-和Mg~(2+)浓度呈现增加或降低趋势,而Ca~(2+)变化趋势与之相反.污染鼎盛时,NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)浓度分别为48.96、68.45和80.55μg·m~(-3),达到起始阶段的6.29、7.31和7.84倍;过程期间OC和EC的浓度为20.8~60.2μg·m~(-3)和3.0~7.5μg·m~(-3),OC浓度高于EC且变化幅度明显偏大;过程期间各日无机金属元素浓度和分别为10.2、22.4、16.0、19.6和8.2μg·m~(-3),富集因子(EF)结果显示,各元素EF均小于10,未被富集,表明污染过程中其主要来源于地壳等自然源;PM_(2.5)质量浓度重构结果表明,有机物(OM)、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-为PM_(2.5)的主要组分,其次为NH_4~+、地壳物质和其他离子,EC和微量元素含量相对较低.随着PM_(2.5)污染加重,二次无机盐(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-及NH_4~+)浓度及所占比例均随之增加,OM浓度随之增加但比例有所下降,而地壳物质浓度及比例均下降,表明二次无机转化是此次污染过程的主要原因,主要受燃煤和机动车排放影响.     

复合药剂对不同类型重金属污染土壤的固化修复

为了考察复合药剂对Pb、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu和Ni污染土样的固化修复效果,以重污染企业用地、冶炼厂河道底泥和自配土壤为污染土样进行试验,试验中的普适复合药剂主要为含磷酸盐沉淀剂、黏土和水泥,视情况辅以无机还原助剂和有机络合助剂。在普适药剂(相对原土样的质量分数15%)、还原剂(5%)和有机助剂(2%)的组配下,处理后的重金属浸出质量浓度低于GB 18598—2001标准值。普适药剂对Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的固化有效,磷酸盐是促成Pb固化的关键成分,黏土和水泥分别起到吸附固定和物理包封的作用。无机助剂中的还原/络合性成分和硫化物分别对Cr(VI)和Hg的固化有明显的促进作用。对于Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu复合污染土壤的修复,分析了重金属浸出质量浓度随普适药剂投加量变化的特征曲线,结果表明,Pb比Cu的曲线斜率更大,表明Pb的固化效率更高;Cd和Zn具有相似的曲线形状,推测二者具有类似的固化机理。     

薄膜覆盖减少化肥养分流失研究

我国化肥的利用率低,使用量又不断增长,增加了农业面源污染问题的严重性.本研究针对化肥流失主要通过水带走的特性,进行大田试验种植玉米,利用薄膜覆盖所施用的化肥,实现"肥与水隔离",以减少化肥流失.试验一方面观察了不同施肥处理二季甜玉米的生长和产量,另一方面测定了作物对肥料的利用率以及地表径流养分含量.结果表明,在本土壤条件下甜玉米只需施用常规施肥量的70%即可达到高产.甜玉米收获后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾的含量比不经薄膜覆盖的显著提高,其顺序为100%施肥量+覆膜70%施肥量+覆膜100%施肥量、70%施肥量不施肥.氮、磷、钾肥料的表观利用率分别为42%~87%、0%~3%和5%~15%,覆膜处理一般高于不覆膜处理,特别是在高施肥量情况下更为明显.通过8次径流水的收集测定,无薄膜覆盖的施肥处理的地表径流N、P和K平均浓度分别为27.72、2.70和7.07 mg.L-1,薄膜覆盖技术处理降低N、P、K浓度的效果分别达到了39.54%、28.05%、43.74%,对于减少农业面源污染和水体富营养化可起到明显效果.     

影响大气汞化学过程的敏感因子分析

为了分析汞在大气中的化学行为,在一个化学模式中加入汞的气相、气液平衡和液相反应,模拟大气汞及其化合物的演变规律,并分析了气象因子(云、光解率、温度)和化学因子(气态O3、H2O2、HO2、OH和气态零价汞Hg0(g))的初始体积分数对各形态汞及其化合物浓度和Hg0(g)转化率的影响.模拟结果表明,在中等大气污染条件下,Hg0(g)的每小时平均转化率为2.91%.敏感性试验结果表明,云量、光解率、温度、O3和Hg0(g)的初始体积分数对不同形态汞的影响较为显著.云量的增加、光解率的增加、臭氧初始体积分数的升高,各形态汞的平衡时间缩短,除气态氧化汞和一价汞离子外,其他形态汞的平衡浓度均会降低,Hg0(g)的转化率增加.温度增加将抑制Hg0(g)的转化.Hg0(g)的初始体积分数增加,各形态汞的浓度升高,但其平均转化率没有显著变化.不同因子对汞化学过程的相对作用对区域或全球大气汞的环境模拟具有指导意义.     

苏州澄湖湖底硬粘土地球化学特征及其成因意义

位于太湖平原的苏州澄湖,湖底十分平坦,主要由硬粘土组成。在湖底获得18.00m长的柱样,0～6.00m为长江三角洲东部平原区的第一硬粘土层。通过AMS14C测年、元素含量测定及物源判别函数DF、n(Na)/n(K)与CIA指数计算和A-CN-K三角模型图等分析,探讨了该硬粘土的成因及堆积后的后期改造作用。研究结果表明,该硬粘土形成于大约29～10kaB.P,为晚更新世晚期的风成堆积物。湖底硬粘土自堆积后至澄湖形成,长期暴露于地表,经历了强烈的风化成土作用,为中等风化强度。且3.50m上下段化学风化过程明显不同,3.50m以下硬粘土段为早期去Na、Ca阶段;3.50m以上硬粘土段已经进入中期去K阶段,经历了比前期更加强烈的化学风化和成土作用。反映了对全球气候变化及区域气候条件的响应。与典型风成堆积物相比,化学风化强度从洛川黄土→洛川古土壤、西峰红粘土→镇江下蜀土→澄湖SC6硬粘土→宣城风成红土依次增强。     

汽车涂装废水除镍的试验研究

镍是国家严格控制的一类污染物,采用化学沉淀法对汽车涂装废水进行除镍的试验研究。结果表明：投加氢氧化钙300mg／L,pH控制在11．0左右时,镍的去除率可以达到90．5％,出水完全满足《上海市污水综合排放标准（DB31／199）》。     

快速测定法与重铬酸钾法测定污水中化学需氧量的方法比较

重铬酸钾法测定化学需氧量,准确度高,但试剂消耗量大,占用空间大,耗时长,消耗大量的电和水。采用快速测定法后能快速省时、省水、省电、省试剂、省人力且操作简便。通过两种方法的比较,快速测定法的精密度及准确度均能达到国标的要求,并且具有成本低的特点,证明了此方法的可行性。快速测定法特别适用于污水处理等工艺过程控制的监测和测试。