葡萄糖和硝基苯为混合燃料时MFC的产电特性研究

通过构建双极室微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC),以铁氰化钾溶液为阴极电子受体,以硝基苯(nitrobenzene,NB)和葡萄糖为混合燃料,研究MFC的产电特性和NB的降解情况.结果表明,在外阻为1000Ω的条件下,随着NB初始浓度的增加,双极室MFC的产电特性明显受到抑制.当葡萄糖浓度为1000mg/L,NB初始浓度分别为0、50、150、250mg/L时,MFC的运行周期逐渐缩短,分别为55.7、51.6、45.9、32.2h;最大输出电压分别为670、597、507、489mV;最大体积功率密度分别为28.57、20.42、9.29、8.47W/m3;电荷量分别为65.10、43.50、35.48、30.32C.MFC利用NB和葡萄糖为混合燃料,可以在稳定地输出电能的同时实现有机物高效降解,MFC对NB去除率高达100%,对COD的去除率达到87%～98%.但以250mg/LNB为单一燃料时,MFC无明显产电现象.DGGE图谱表明NB的加入改变了MFC阳极电极上微生物的群落结构.     

深海溢油输移扩散模型研究

在对深海中泄漏的油气混合物在海洋环境中的输运过程及行为变化的分析基础上,建立三维深海溢油输移扩散模型。该模型采用拉格朗日积分法模拟溢油在近区的水下浮射扩散过程,应用粒子追踪法模拟油滴在水下远区的对流扩散以及油膜在海面的漂移扩散过程,并考虑了油气分离输移、气体溶解、天然气水合物形成与分解等复杂行为对溢油运动轨迹的影响。应用该模型数值模拟了两个大型深海溢油现场试验,结果显示溢油在水下环境中的时空分布模拟结果与现场监测数据符合较好,表明该模型具有较高的准确性和实用性,能够为深海溢油的防治管理提供理论与技术支持。     

化学氧化法制备高铁酸钾循环生产可能性的试验

本文研究了回收利用湿法制备Ｋ２ＦｅＯ４晶体后的残留母液,制取次氯酸盐混合溶液,氧化Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）－→Ｆｅ（Ⅵ）的方法,探讨了混合次氯酸盐浓度、铁盐添加量、反应体系碱浓度等对高铁转化率的影响。     

堆肥低温起爆微生物筛选及其初步应用

为解决北方寒冷地区因低温导致有机废弃物处理周期漫长且效率低等问题,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术与传统平板培养相结合的方法,从低温堆肥中分离出19株嗜冷细菌,并采用序列引导分离分子生物学技术,最终获得目标优势菌株CY1. 将CY1与筛选的糖、淀粉、蛋白质分解菌株CY14、CY17和CY19复配成低温复合菌剂,研究优化组合菌剂对低温鸡粪堆肥的影响. 结果表明,堆肥至第6天时,复合菌剂处理(T)堆料中w(OM)(OM为有机质)下降了12.64%;水溶性有机物(DOM)三维荧光光谱显示,低温复合菌剂处理类蛋白峰(峰T)的荧光峰强度下降了44.10%,类腐殖酸峰(峰C)的荧光峰强度上升了39.00%. 添加复合菌剂能够提高堆肥低温起爆效率,可为我国北方寒冷地区低温堆肥提供技术优化.      

基于绝热火焰温度多元混合气体可燃性极限的理论预测

为了预测多元混合气体可燃性极限,通过化学平衡计算软件分析确定了气体在可燃性下限（LFL）和可燃性上限（UFL）的燃烧产物及计算绝热火焰温度（CAFT）,基于能量平衡方程和简化反应模型,分别建立了混合气体LFL和UFL预测模型。应用该预测模型对CH4、C2H4、C3H8、C3H6和CO组成的不同比例混合气体可燃性极限进行预测。结果表明:简化反应模型对于LFL和UFL预测值与文献中实验值的平均相对误差分别为2.76%和5.45%,相关系数分别为0.995和0.950;同时发现两步简化模型对含有C2H4和CO混合组分预测结果误差较大,但对于平均碳原子数大于2的混合气体,预测结果一致性较好。     

改进的整合加和模型INFCIM及其应用于混合物毒性预测

目前,准确预测混合物毒性仍然面临着挑战, 为改进现有整合加和模型INFCIM,将该模型中“浓度=浓度+效应”形式修改为更加科学合理的“浓度=浓度+浓度”形式.利用分子电性距离矢量(MEDV)表征混合物组分的分子结构,以模糊数学中的隶属函数表征混合物组分的相似性和相异性,从而构建新的整合加和模型.利用6组六元混合物(共72个样本)验证模型的预测能力,结果表明,改进的模型能够准确预测无相互作用混合物毒性.在改进的模型中,利用多组混合物作为校正集,克服了INFCIM模型仅使用少量混合物数据作为校正集的缺点,使之更加可靠和具有代表性.     

自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷研究

对自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷形成进行了试验研究 ,二氧化氯预消毒替代预氯化消毒可以降低水中的三氯甲烷 ,预消毒处理后形成三氯甲烷的反应受温度和反应时间的影响。使用二氧化氯与氯配制的混合消毒剂消毒时 ,随二氧化氯含量增加 ,水中的三氯甲烷将明显减少。     

Mapping Invasive Aquatic Vegetation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta using Hyperspectral Imagery

The ecological and economic impacts associated with invasive species are of critical concern to land managers. The ability to map the extent and severity of invasions would be a valuable contribution to management decisions relating to control and monitoring efforts. We investigated the use of hyperspectral imagery for mapping invasive aquatic plant species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in the Central Valley of California, at two spatial scales. Sixty-four flightlines of HyMap hyperspectral imagery were acquired over the study region covering an area of 2,139 km² and field work was conducted to acquire GPS locations of target invasive species. We used spectral mixture analysis to classify two target invasive species; Brazilian waterweed (Egeria densa), a submerged invasive, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a floating emergent invasive. At the relatively fine spatial scale for five sites within the Delta (average size 51 ha) average classification accuracies were 93% for Brazilian waterweed and 73% for water hyacinth. However, at the coarser, Delta-wide scale (177,000 ha) these accuracy results were 29% for Brazilian waterweed and 65% for water hyacinth. The difference in accuracy is likely accounted for by the broad range in water turbidity and tide heights encountered across the Delta. These findings illustrate that hyperspectral imagery is a promising tool for discriminating target invasive species within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta waterways although more work is needed to develop classification tools that function under changing environmental conditions.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.