The effect of vent size and concentration in vented gasoline-air explosions

Experimental data from vented explosion tests using gasoline-air mixtures with concentrations from 0.88 to 2.41% vol. are presented. A 2L vessel was used for the tests with vent sizes of 25 cm², 50 cm² and 100 cm². The tests were focused on the effect of gasoline vapor concentration and vent size on the pressure development and the flame behavior inside and outside the vessel. It was found that the inner flame propagation speed was mainly dependent on the initial concentration, while the maximum flame spreading distance was mainly influenced by the vent size. The external flame speed and duration could be influenced by the combination of the two properties. The internal pressure increases gradually with the flame propagated inside the vessel and decreased sharply when the vent failed. High-pressure durations containing pressure peaks were recorded by transducers in front of the vent and oscillations could be observed besides the vent. At any measure point, the maximum external pressures for A = 25 cm² or 50 cm² were significantly larger than those for A = 100 cm².     

混合气体爆炸性现场测试实验研究

为测定现场可燃混合气体的爆炸性,对比分析了国内外实验室爆炸极限的测定装置及爆炸性判定方法,设计研制了混合气体爆炸性现场测试装置。装置实现了爆炸性环境现场的自动采样、超高温点火、高速压力和温度测定及爆炸性自行判定。开展了丙烷、乙烯和液化石油气等典型可燃气体爆炸性实验,提出了基于压力和火焰温度变化相结合的气体爆炸性判定指标,改变了传统目测判定方式。研究结果表明:20 L球和1 L爆炸腔以爆炸压力提升来判定,比管式法测定的爆炸极限范围窄,以压力提升量5%~10%判定较适宜;1 L爆炸腔以爆炸过程温度提升量来判定,爆炸极限范围比以爆炸压力提升量判定宽,与目测观察的管式测定法相比,略宽于管式测定法和大部分文献数据。     

4种环境雌激素对淡水鱼卵黄蛋白原诱导的混合物效应研究

在个体水平上阐明环境雌激素类化合物对易受影响生物的联合毒性作用,探讨混合污染物联合作用和环境风险评价的研究方法.通过对鲫鱼血清卵黄蛋白原含量的相对变化和暴露浓度的非线性回归分析得出17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)、17β-雌二醇(E2)、双酚A(BPA)、辛基苯酚(OP)及其等毒性混合物产生雌激素效应的剂量-反应关系,应用联合作用指数和相加作用模型研究4种环境雌激素的联合作用.各化合物非线性回归分析结果均以Weibull函数拟合效果最好,决定系数R2≥0.92;效应浓度值及其95%置信限通过自举抽样法得出,其中半效应浓度值EC50及其95%置信区间分别为0.0079(0.0068～0.0100)、0.0987(0.0900～0.1110)、63.50(56.58～70.62)和250.59(228.46～271.99)μg·L-1.4种环境雌激素混合物效应通过相加作用模型预测在全剂量范围内与实验结果相一致,呈现相似联合作用.相加作用模型是在各个浓度反应水平上展示化合物联合作用的性质,是切实可行的联合作用研究方法,而混合物效应通过联合作用指数评价存在许多不确定性.     

广东清远电子垃圾处理地沉积物对伸展摇蚊的慢性毒性效应

电子垃圾拆解引起的环境污染和生态风险已成为全球关注的热点问题,不适当的电子垃圾拆解过程造成处理区水体沉积物受到多类有机化合物和重金属污染,直接威胁生活在沉积物中的底栖动物。在典型电子垃圾处理地广东清远采集沉积物,测定样品中以烃类为主的色谱难分离混合物(unresolved complex mixture,UCM)的含量,开展伸展摇蚊全生命周期慢性毒性测试。结果表明,清远沉积物中的UCM浓度(0.08±0.01)%接近于这类污染物对伸展摇蚊的慢性半致死性效应浓度(0.073±0.022)%。同时发现清远沉积物对以摇蚊为代表的底栖无脊椎动物具有显著慢性毒性效应,且可通过测定UCM含量初步估算。这为开展以电子垃圾处理地沉积物为代表的,受到以麻醉作用为主要致毒机制的混合物污染的沉积物的毒性评价提供了一种有效方法。     

聚氯乙烯生产中副产高沸物的综合利用

介绍了以ＰＶＣ生产中副产的高沸物精制后作溶剂,降解后的废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料的作主料,制造塑化防腐漆的工艺流程,产品性能及经济效益。     

基于热红外遥感数据和光谱混合分解模型的城市不透水面估算

不透水面的迅速增长是城市化的显著特征之一,针对大范围的城市监测,运用遥感技术迅速提取城市不透水面是当前国内外研究的热点。论文选用Landsat 7的ETM+影像,基于光谱混合分解模型,结合热红外遥感数据反演生成的地表温度,研究杭州市的不透水面分布信息的提取。通过高、低反照率、植被及土壤4类光谱端元的线性组合来表征不同城市土地类型,并利用地表温度和土壤分量分别剔除高、低反照率分量中的"噪声",综合修正后的高反照率分量和低反照率分量估算杭州市不透水面分布。结果显示,研究区中均方根误差的平均值为0.003 6,不透水面分布结果与同期Google earth上的高分辨率影像和SPOT 4影像的解译结果对比分析,绝大多数样本的估算值与解译值之差落在±0.15区间内,精度令人满意。研究表明,热红外遥感数据和光谱混合分解模型相结合,可以实现对不透水面进行快速、精确的估算。     

基于生物有效性的重金属单一及联合毒性研究进展

水环境中的重金属受到水化学性质的影响产生形态变化,导致其对水生生物的生物有效性和毒性的改变。生物配体模型(BLM)考虑了水化学性质对金属的水生生物毒性的影响,可用来预测重金属对水生生物的毒性效应。毒性是金属与生物配体的平衡常数和生物膜上被金属络合的配体位点数量的函数。毒性效应被定义为金属在生物配体上的富集达到或超过一个临界阈值浓度。重点论述了水化学性质对重金属生物有效性的影响、重金属联合毒性评价的研究现状,并对存在的问题进行探讨。     

Effect of stocking density and food quality on the growth and fecundity of an epigeic earthworm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eisenia fetida</Emphasis>) during vermicomposting

Physico-chemical characteristics of the feed and optimum worm density are important parameters for the efficient working of a vermicomposting system. Overcrowding of worms can affect the efficiency of a vermicomposting system even if all other parameters have been optimized. This article reports the effect of stocking density and feed quality on the growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida under laboratory conditions. The feed mixtures contained cow dung and textile mill wastewater sludge in different ratios. Three feed mixtures and five stocking rates (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12) were tested for 12 weeks. The results showed that E. fetida growth rate was faster at higher stocking densities; however, biomass gain per worm was faster at lower stocking densities. Sexual maturity was attained earlier at higher stocking densities. Growth rate was highest in 100% cow dung at all the stocking densities when compared to textile mill wastewater sludge containing feed mixtures. A worm population of 27–53 worms per kg of feed was found to be the most favorable stocking density.     

混合液回流比对改良A2O工艺效果的调控作用

考察了不同混合液回流比(Ri)条件下,改良A2O工艺的效果.COD去除率受Ri的影响较小,Ri=200%、300%和400%时的COD去除率分别为83.3%、79.9%和84.3%.氮的去除率受其影响明显.不同Ri所引起的缺氧池硝态氮负荷以及实际水力停留时间的变化,使得TN和NH3-N的去除率呈现相互制约的关系.此外,硝酸盐作为反硝化除磷过程的电子受体,Ri为200%和300%时,其浓度较高,对应的TP平均去处率可分别高达73.3%和85.3%;而缺氧池硝酸盐浓度相对较低时(Ri=400%),TP平均去处率仅为54.4%.应对不同进水水质情况对系统脱氮除磷效率提出的要求,可选择适当的Ri,协调工艺对TN、NH3-N以及TP的去除能力,同时,满足较高出水标准的要求.     

Computation of particles’ ascent from a cavity behind passing shock wave

We study numerically the dynamics of particles of dispersed phase in a turbulent gas flow in planar shock waves (SWs) sliding along a solid surface with a depression of trapezoid shape. The ascent of particles from the cavity walls has been computed in the approximation of a rarefied gas–particle mixture. A considerable influence of the passing SW strength and the initial location of particles on the characteristics of particles’ ascent, the non-monotonicity of the dependence of the particle-ascent height on the initial longitudinal coordinate, and the SW Mach number, and a possibility of the formation of particles’ accumulation and removal zones on the depression bottom are shown.