玉米内生固氮菌的回接分离及限菌条件下在玉米根内的定殖

对从玉米茎内分离的18株固氮菌进行了回接分离试验,经多碳源无氮培养基、菌落形态、颜色与REP－PCR相结合的方法,筛选、鉴定出了两株具有较高乙炔还原活性和能在玉米体内定殖的菌株R1和R6。把携带gfp标记基因的质粒pKK223-GFP和nifH-gfp的质粒pMGFP2.1分别转化R1和R6,得到携带gfp,且菌落带绿色荧光的转化子R1A和R6A,以及携带nifH-gfp的转化子R1B和R6B。在限菌条件下对R1A和R6A,在玉米根内的定殖以及R1B和R6B中nifH-gfp融合基因的表达进行了研究,结果表明了R1A和R6A主要定殖在根的皮层细胞、胞间隙、中柱细胞和导管内,有时在活的细胞内也可检测到,R1B和R6B中的融合基因因受玉米根内营养以及其它与固氮酶基因表达相关因素的限制,很难在玉米根内表达,只有在添加了1‰蔗糖后,nifH-gfp才能在根内表达。     

淹水时长对3种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌侵染2种湿地植物的影响

以不同淹水时长为唯一影响因子,以香蒲(Typha orientalis)和水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为宿主植物,选用Glomus属的3种AM真菌(F1菌:Glomus intraradices;F2菌:Glomus versiforme;F3菌:Glomus etunicatum),研究淹水时长对3种AM真菌侵染2种湿地植物的影响,以期为阐明淹水对湿地植物AM结构与功能的影响提供参考.结果表明,淹水时间越长,3种AM真菌对2种植物的侵染率越低;相同淹水时间下,F3菌对香蒲、F1菌和F2菌对水稻的侵染率高于其他菌.3种AM真菌的侵染结构分析表明,菌丝侵染是2种湿地植物形成AM的主要途径,而丛枝和泡囊贡献较小;淹水时间越长,香蒲的菌丝侵染比例越高,但水稻的菌丝侵染比例没明显变化规律;淹水时间越长,2种植物的丛枝侵染比例越低,不淹水时最高.AM真菌产孢数分析表明,淹水时间越长,AM真菌的产孢数越多;相同淹水时长下,F3菌产孢数最多.2种植物的湿重变化表明,3种AM真菌在长时间淹水条件下仍能明显促进香蒲地上和地下部分的生长,但对水稻的生长影响不明显.本研究表明,淹水时长影响AM真菌对湿地植物的侵染水平和侵染结构,淹水条件下AM真菌对湿地植物生长仍有促进作用,但这受宿主植物对AM真菌的菌根依赖性影响.所以,在湿地植物上应用AM真菌时,应考虑植物的菌根依赖性和淹水时长对接种效果的影响.     

Using ensemble modeling to predict the impacts of assisted migration on recipient ecosystems

Assisted migration is a controversial conservation measure that aims to protect threatened species by moving part of their population outside its natural range. Although this could save species from extinction, it also introduces a range of risks. The magnitude of the threat to recipient ecosystems has not been investigated quantitatively, despite being the most common criticism leveled at the action. We used an ensemble modeling framework to estimate the risks of assisted migration to existing species within ecosystems. With this approach, we calculated the consequences of an assisted migration project across a very large combination of translocated species and recipient ecosystems. We predicted the probability of a successful assisted migration and the number of local extinctions would result from establishment of the translocated species. Using an ensemble of simulated 15-species recipient ecosystems, we estimated that translocated species will successfully establish in 83% of cases if introduced to stable, high-quality habitats. However, assisted migration projects were estimated to cause an average of 0.6 extinctions and 5% of successful translocations triggered 4 or more local extinctions. Quantifying the impacts to species within recipient ecosystems is critical to help managers weigh the benefits and negative consequences of assisted migration.     

Experiences of Coal Ash Artificial Reefs in Taiwan

A feasibility study for using fly-ash from Taiwan coal-fired power stations for artificial reef production was started in 1983. Various mixtures of fly ash stabilized with lime, cement, or industrial wastes and formed into blocks were tested in the laboratory. the results showed that the development of compressive strength of those blocks immersed in the sea water was much better than those exposed in the air. Heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) content of the blocks has been monitored routinely to determine the leaching rates. the result indicates that solidification of fly-ash could indeed immobilize heavy metals better than the original fly ash. From March 1984 to February 1987, 3,682 coal ash stabilized blocks with total weight of 300 tons were designed, fabricated and installed at both Hsin-ta, south western coast, and Kuei-hou, northern coast of Taiwan, for field trials. After four years' underwater observations on 100 cubic blocks at Wan-Li, northern Taiwan, it was shown that the physical integrity of the ash reef blocks had been maintained. the compressive strength and durability was better than the concrete artificial reefs nearby. the ash reefs could also attract fishes and the colonization by benthic organisms was similar to that on concrete reefs. Eighty-eight species of fishes were observed, of which 27 were commercially important, comprising more than 80% of the total biomass. These results demonstrate a potential use for stabilized coal ash as artificial reefs to replace traditionally used concrete reefs to protect and enhance the coastal fishery resources in Taiwan in the future.     

Colonization and Selection of Fly-Ash Substrates by Marine Invertebrates

Abstract

Fly-ash dumped on the sea bed causes a local impoverishment of the benthos. Experiments on ash in sea water have shown bacterial colonization to occur, at a slower rate than on natural silt, limited meiofaunal colonization after 18 months, selection by meroplanktonic larvae for the ash, though inhibition of development after settlement, and selection against ash by mobile benthic adults. the major inhibition to colonization is the lack of organic content in the ash.     

Rapid Increases and Time‐Lagged Declines in Amphibian Occupancy after Wildfire

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of drought and wildfire. Aquatic and moisture‐sensitive species, such as amphibians, may be particularly vulnerable to these modified disturbance regimes because large wildfires often occur during extended droughts and thus may compound environmental threats. However, understanding of the effects of wildfires on amphibians in forests with long fire‐return intervals is limited. Numerous stand‐replacing wildfires have occurred since 1988 in Glacier National Park (Montana, U.S.A.), where we have conducted long‐term monitoring of amphibians. We measured responses of 3 amphibian species to fires of different sizes, severity, and age in a small geographic area with uniform management. We used data from wetlands associated with 6 wildfires that burned between 1988 and 2003 to evaluate whether burn extent and severity and interactions between wildfire and wetland isolation affected the distribution of breeding populations. We measured responses with models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate occupancy during prefire (0–4 years) and different postfire recovery periods. For the long‐toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) and Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris), occupancy was not affected for 6 years after wildfire. But 7–21 years after wildfire, occupancy for both species decreased ≥25% in areas where >50% of the forest within 500 m of wetlands burned. In contrast, occupancy of the boreal toad (Anaxyrus boreas) tripled in the 3 years after low‐elevation forests burned. This increase in occupancy was followed by a gradual decline. Our results show that accounting for magnitude of change and time lags is critical to understanding population dynamics of amphibians after large disturbances. Our results also inform understanding of the potential threat of increases in wildfire frequency or severity to amphibians in the region. Incrementos Rápidos y Declinaciones Desfasadas en la Ocupación de Anfibios Después de un Incendio     

An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord,Western Sweden

In a 2.5-year-long environmental engineering experiment in the By Fjord, surface water was pumped into the deepwater where the frequency of deepwater renewals increased by a factor of 10. During the experiment, the deepwater became long-term oxic, and nitrate became the dominating dissolved inorganic nitrogen component. The amount of phosphate in the water column decreased by a factor of 5 due to the increase in flushing and reduction in the leakage of phosphate from the sediments when the sediment surface became oxidized. Oxygenation of the sediments did not increase the leakage of toxic metals and organic pollutants. The bacterial community was the first to show changes after the oxygenation, with aerobic bacteria also thriving in the deepwater. The earlier azoic deepwater bottom sediments were colonized by animals. No structural difference between the phytoplankton communities in the By Fjord and the adjacent Havsten Fjord, with oxygenated deepwater, could be detected during the experiment.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0524-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Di-n-butyl phthalate degrading endophytic bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. strain JR20 isolated from garlic chive and its colonization in a leafy vegetable

The bioconcentration and elimination of racemic benalaxyl (BX) in trout liver microsomes and in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated to determine whether the fish can bioconcentrate and degrade this fungicide enantioselectively. Both enantiomers of BX were extracted with organic solvents and evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography. In the microsomes, BX degradation followed first-order kinetics, and the S?(+) enantiomer of BX was eliminated twice as rapidly as the R?(?) enantiomer, resulting in residues enriched for R?(?)?BX. In vivo experiment, chiral analysis showed an obvious selective bioconcentration of BX based on statistically altered enantiomer fractions (EFs) in the fish compared with the values in the water. The R?(?)?BX was initially preferentially bioconcentrated by rainbow trout and then dissipated more slowly than its antipode. The mean half-lives for individual enantiomers were calculated as 31.6 h for R?(?)?BX and 20.3 h for the S?(+)?form. The results of the study showed that the degradation of BX enantiomers was stereoselective in rainbow trout.     

铅锌尾矿废水处理系统中PFU原生动物群落变化特征及其与水质净化的关系

应用国家标准《水质—微型生物群落监测—ＰＦＵ法》对位于广东省韶关的凡口铅锌尾矿废水处理系统中的原生动物群落进行了研究．分析了在该处理系统中原生动物群落的结构和群集过程的特征,并结合水质的理化参数对该处理系统的效能进行了评价．结果表明：在该处理系统中,以动物性鞭毛虫和腐生性纤毛虫为原生动物群落的主要组成部分;随着采样点距排污口的距离延长,原生动物群落的种类数和密度明显增加;群落多样性指数也随之上升．通过对原生动物群落组成与污染物浓度的统计学处理,显示出群落的种类数与各污染物的浓度间存在着显著的负线性相关．各采样点ＰＦＵ原生动物群落群集过程也可以反映出各样点环境间的差异．各采样点数据间的差异说明由于该处理系统中香蒲植物的作用,使得废水中大量的颗粒性悬浮物得到沉降,重金属浓度也明显降低,从而促进了原生动物群落在一定程度上的恢复