电-Fenton法降解低含盐量反渗透浓缩液中腐植酸

为研究采用碳毡-Pt电-Fenton体系处理模拟低含盐量反渗透浓缩液中的腐植酸的影响因素和降解机制,通过单因素试验,以COD_Cr去除率为评价指标,以Fe2+添加量、通氧量、电流密度、pH为考察因素,探讨了不同条件对电-Fenton体系ρ（H₂O₂）和COD_Cr去除率的影响.结果表明:采用电-Fenton法降解模拟反渗透浓缩液,较低的含盐量有助于COD_Cr的去除,与高含盐量（1 000~2 000 mg/L）相比,在低含盐量（500~1 000 mg/L）条件下COD_Cr去除率提高10%~20%;并且最佳条件下实际电流效率（GCE）达到15.6%,电化学能耗为32 kW·h/kg.最佳反应条件:通氧量为0.3 m3/L,Fe2+添加量为0.1 mmol/L,电流密度为3.5 mA/cm2,pH=3,在该条件下反应180 min时,电-Fenton体系产生的ρ（H₂O₂）为105 mg/L,可使ρ（COD_Cr）由150 mg/L降至16 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率达到90%.研究显示,较宽的pH范围（3~7）内碳毡-Pt电-Fenton体系对腐植酸的降解表现稳定,COD_Cr去除率均达到60%以上.      

垃圾渗滤液处理纳滤浓缩液的减量试验研究

采用1种纳滤膜和2种反渗透膜对垃圾渗滤液处理过程中产生的纳滤浓缩液进行处理,研究进水压力、回收率、膜通量对膜工艺运行稳定性、出水水质的影响。研究结果表明,在试验条件下垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液可减量50%以上,反渗透产水指标满足《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920—2002)城市绿化及娱乐性环境用水-湖泊类的要求。     

电氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液的试验研究

垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液是垃圾渗滤液经生物降解后再经RO或NF膜截留的残余液,可生化性差、含盐量高、处理困难。本文采用电氧化法处理纳滤浓缩液,试验结果表明:电氧化法在纳滤浓缩液的处理上具有优势。在反应时间6h,对纳滤浓缩液的COD,TDS,Cl~-去除率分别达到82%,12%,51%,吨水耗电45k W·h。本试验研究在处理效果、能耗等方面达到了预期效果,为电氧化技术在纳滤浓缩液处理中的实际应用取得突破。     

应用于水处理的反渗透浓缩液处理和资源化技术综述

在反渗透技术中,浓缩液的处理是最关键的问题之一。随着反渗透技术在水处理上的广泛使用,浓缩液的处理和资源化利用已经成为急需解决的大问题。介绍了目前国内外处理浓缩液的方法,包括Fenton法、混凝一吸附法、膜法、蒸发法、浓缩液回灌和海水淡化浓缩液再利用。     

渗滤液浓缩液回灌出水盐分对回灌参数的敏感性研究

采用成都某垃圾填埋场的渗滤液浓缩液,对装填了填埋龄为15年垃圾的垃圾柱开展了回灌实验,研究了回灌负荷、回灌频次、回灌速度以及回灌方式对回灌出水盐分的影响;基于实验结果,利用一种新型的灰色绝对接近关联度分析方法进行建模,研究了回灌出水盐分对各参数的敏感性。研究结果表明:以0号垃圾柱的回灌出水盐分为基准,回灌出水盐分对回灌参数的敏感性大小为:回灌负荷(6 L/d)>回灌速度(24 L/h)>回灌负荷(4.5 L/d)>回灌频次(6次/d)>回灌频次(3次/d)>回灌方式(中央布水)>回灌速度(6 L/h)>回灌方式(分散布水),因此降低回灌出水盐分优先控制的因素为回灌负荷和回灌速度。     

铅碱性精炼废渣的资源化利用研究

介绍了铅碱性精炼废渣资源化利用工艺流程,探讨了该过程的工艺条件,讨论了有关影响因素.实验结果表明,经脱砷和脱铅后,Sb以锑精矿形式产出,可作为炼锑的原料;Pb以PbCl2或铅渣形式、Sn以锡渣形式产出,其品位较高,可作Pb或Sn冶金的原料;该工艺具有化工试剂消耗少、综合利用率高、污染小、易于实现大规模工业化等优点.     

Effect of diet manipulation in dairy cow N balance and nitrogen oxides emissions from grasslands in northern Spain

Dietary modifications in dairy cattle have been reported as a useful strategy to alter the composition of manure. Many reports have been published on how changes in dietary crude protein content and forage-to-concentrate ratio reduces animal nitrogen (N) excretion, but little information exists about the effect of diet modification on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emission when the subsequent slurry is applied on grassland. Two diets differing in forage:concentrate ratio (high forage or HF diet, 75:25; low forage or LF diet, 55:45) were tested to detect the improvement of N use efficiency in milk and the reduction of urinary and fecal N excretion. Triticale silage and barley grain were used as the main forage and concentrate sources in the diets. The subsequent slurries were characterized for N and ammonium-N content (NH₄⁺-N) and applied on grassland in order to study total and pattern of emission of N₂O and NO.The HF diet reduced the voluntary dry matter intake of the cows, N intake and urinary and fecal N excretion. However, the reduction of N intake did not improve the N use efficiency in milk (NUE) (21.0%) and did not reduce N excretion per unit of milk produced (15 g N l⁻¹) due to the lower milk yield. Slurries were similar in N content but differed in NH₄⁺ content, being lower in HF. Therefore, different slurry amounts were needed to be applied on grassland to reach the correct fertilisation rate (120 kg NH₄⁺-N ha⁻¹). Total emissions of N₂O (5.8 and 5.0 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹) and NO (507.2 and 568.6 g NO-N ha⁻¹), and the pattern of emissions were not affected by dietary treatments. When fertilisation management depends on the collected volume to empty the slurry pit, higher N₂O and NO emissions per kg of slurry could be expected from LF slurry. Nevertheless, if slurry is applied following recommendation rates, N₂O and NO emission per unit of milk produced might be slightly lower from LF slurry. Grass yield (1.5 t dry matter ha⁻¹) and N uptake (50 kg N ha⁻¹) did not vary due to the applications of different slurries, and was attributed to low rainfalls. The correct management of the slurries on grasslands may justify an adequate nutritional strategy of dairy herds from an environmental and productive point of view.     

强化混凝-光电氧化组合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液

采用强化混凝-光电氧化组合工艺对北京某垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液进行处理。探讨了不同混凝剂投加量、电流密度和反应时间对COD去除率的影响,并考察了溶解性有机物的分子量和结构在本工艺中的变化。结果表明:同时投加Ca(OH)2、Fe2(SO4)3和PAM混凝后,COD去除率为28.00%,含量由4 700 mg/L降低到3 384 mg/L;同时投加KMnO4、Fe2(SO4)3和PAM进行二次混凝,COD去除率为60.20%,含量为1 870 mg/L;混凝后水样在电流密度为400A/m2,经3 h光电氧化后,COD去除率为86.20%,含量为650 mg/L。本工艺将垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液中部分大分子量有机物降解为小分子量有机物;光电氧化后,有机物结构被迅速破坏。     

Potential of BAC combined with UVC/H2O2 for reducing organic matter from highly saline reverse osmosis concentrate produced from municipal wastewater reclamation

The organic matter present in the concentrate streams generated from reverse osmosis (RO) based municipal wastewater reclamation processes poses environmental and health risks on its disposal to the receiving environment (e.g., estuaries, bays). The potential of a biological activated carbon (BAC) process combined with pre-oxidation using a UVC/H₂O₂ advanced oxidation process for treating a high salinity (TDS ∼ 10 000 mg L⁻¹) municipal wastewater RO concentrate (ROC) was evaluated at lab scale during 90 d of operation. The combined treatment reduced the UVA₂₅₄ and colour of the ROC to below those for the influent of the RO process (i.e., biologically treated secondary effluent), and the reductions in DOC and COD were approximately 60% and 50%, respectively. UVC/H₂O₂ was demonstrated to be an effective means of converting the recalcitrant organic compounds in the ROC into biodegradable substances which were readily removed by the BAC process, leading to a synergistic effect of the combined treatment in degrading the organic matter. The tests using various BAC feed concentrations suggested that the biological treatment was robust and consistent for treating the high salinity ROC. Using Microtox analysis no toxicity was detected for the ROC after the combined treatment, and the trihalomethane formation potential was reduced from 3.5 to 2.8 mg L⁻¹.     

臭氧光电催化耦合处理炼油反渗透浓水

为控制炼油废水对环境的污染,采用臭氧光电催化氧化耦合工艺对炼油废水反渗透浓水进行了处理研究,主要考察了pH、电流密度、臭氧投加量等因素对该耦合体系废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,臭氧光电催化氧化耦合技术可有效降解炼油废水反渗透浓水;废水中油类及COD的去除率随pH的增大先提高后降低;随电流密度的增大,COD去除率先提高后降低,油类物质先提高然后基本保持恒定;臭氧投加量不断增大,COD及油类物质去除率先提高后趋于稳定。当pH=7.5,臭氧投加量达到8 mg/L,电流密度50 mA/cm2,停留时间30 min,出水达到COD≤50 mg/L,石油类≤0.5 mg/L的排放要求。