Biochemical and histopathological ultrastructural changes caused by ZnO nanoparticles in mice

Five week-old mice were divided into a vehicle control group, and groups exposed to ZnO nanoparticles at low (0.5 g/kg), middle (1 g/kg), high (3 g/kg), and exceptionally high-dose (5 g/kg). After the first, second, third, and fourth weeks’ of exposure, blood biochemistry, histopathology, and electron microscopic ultrastructural changes in liver, kidney and spleen were investigated. Increased alkaline phosphatase activities were observed in all treated mice being statistically significant at higher dose. No changes were observed in the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and lipid levels. During the first and second weeks of the treatment, effects on the cytoarchitecture of liver, kidney, and spleen were not perceived while during the third and fouth weeks of treatment sporadic mild effects were seen. Ultrastructural electron microscopic changes in liver, kidney, and spleen were not observed for the low-dose group on the first, second, third, and fourth weeks, suggesting that exposure to ZnO nanoparticles at low dose is safe. Long-term (i.e., more than 28 days) exposure to the exceptionally high-dose resulted in sporadic changes in nuclear chromatin condensation, irregular nuclear membrane, polymorphic mitochondria, mitochondrial swelling, and vacuolation. ZnO nanoparticles could be well tolerated and no death occurred in any group of treated mice.     

汽车排气尾流中微粒分布及其变化特性的研究

根据微粒核化、凝并及凝结模型对汽车排气尾流中微粒分布的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,微粒的核化增加了排气尾流中超细微粒的数量;微粒的凝并和凝结将改变排气尾流中的微粒分布.在核化、凝并及凝结过程同时存在时,核化对微粒分布的影响相对较小,微粒分布的变化主要受凝并和凝结的作用.在排气管出口处,微粒的核化、凝并及凝结过程比较剧烈,微粒分布变化较大;随着距排气管出口距离的增加,微粒演变逐渐减弱.研究工作可以为汽车排放控制策略的确定以及汽车微粒对人体健康影响的研究提供依据.     

成都双流机场低能见度发生规律初探

双流机场全年近1／3的日子有低见度天气出现,最多的冬季平均日数达到的总数的80％,而且低能见度有明显的季节变化和日变化。低能见度主要由辐射雾造成。二次低能见度天气为其特点,主是由弱冷空气进入暖湿气团所致。     

活性炭吸附回收挥发性有机物的研究进展

活性炭吸附法是目前使用范围最为广范、技术最为成熟的回收挥发性有机物（VOCs）的方法。该法与冷凝法联用,可达到经济、高效回收VOCs的目的。介绍了变压吸附和变温吸附等常见的活性炭吸附回收VOCs的工艺,分析比较了各工艺的特点,并指出了存在的问题。在总结现有研究进展的基础上,预测了活性炭吸附回收VOCs技术的发展趋势。     

Experimental and modeling study of de novo formation of PCDD/PCDF on MSW fly ash

The effect of sulfur dioxide （SO2） on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDFs） has been studied in an entrained-flow reactor （EFR） under simulated waste combustion conditions. A chlorination model based on conditional probability was employed to evaluate the homologue patterns of PCDDs and PCDFs. Results revealed that the presence of SO2 did not alter the formation pathway although SO2 suppressed PCDD/F formation. The prediction model of PCDF showed good agreement with the experimental data （R--0.95）, whereas the prediction for PCDDs did not correlate well with the experimental data. This may be explained because potential chlorination pathways play a significant role in PCDF formation, whereas PCDDs are mainly formed through condensation reactions. Furthermore, the result indicated that the steric hindrance during formation has more effects on PCDD than on PCDF due to the symmetric molecular structures of PCDDs.     

ASTM D 5894-05《涂漆金属盐雾／紫外线循环暴露标准规程，（交替暴露于喷雾／干燥室和紫外线／冷凝室）》标准解读

介绍了ASTM D 5894—05,分别从标准的适用范围及用途、试验设备、试验样品、试验程序、暴露持续时间和报告等方面对标准进行解读,认为今后的盐雾试验发展方向应向人工试验和自然环境相关性方向发展。     

中小型反渗透系统处理高硬度水操作参数的优化

中小规模反渗透(RO)系统处理高硬度水时往往采用投加阻垢剂、降低回收率来减少碳酸钙在膜上结垢的风险,该系统操作参数主要是阻垢剂投加量和系统回收率。目前许多反渗透系统是凭借经验或生产厂家的建议来确定这2个参数,缺少科学、快速的求解方法。就这2个参数的确定提出了便捷办法。     

A preliminary study on measurements of black carbon in the atmosphere of northwest Qilian Shan

Black carbon (BC) concentration and meteorological data are measured discontinuously from May 2009 to March 2011, at the Qilian Shan Station of Glaciology and Ecologic Environment (hereafter “QSSGEE”), located near the terminal of the Laohugou No.12 Glacier in northwestern Qilian Shan, China.We measured the daily, monthly and seasonal variations of BC concentration in the atmosphere and discussed the possible emission sources. Black carbon background concentration in this region varied in the range of 18-72 ng/m³ with the highest in summer and the lowest in autumn. The relations between BC concentration and surface wind direction indicated that BC concentration was higher when northwest wind prevails while lower when southeast wind prevails. Air masses backward trajectories showed the potential emission sources in the northwest. Significant positive correlations between daily mean BC concentration and relative humidity indicated that BC might be one of important cloud condensation nuclei. This hypothesis needs to be confirmed further through cloud microphysical features in this region.     

超大城市新粒子生成事件对云凝结核贡献分析

高浓度气溶胶在受人类活动影响的污染地区种类和组成非常复杂,因此,其环境和气候效应引起了广泛关注,但在超大城市背景下气溶胶粒子活化成为云凝结核的过程与边界层的相互作用尚不完全清楚.本研究基于北京（BJ）、上海（SH）、广州（GZ）的观测数据,选取3个城市的春季和冬季（北京冬季11月和广州冬季12月的连续观测,以及上海春季4月的加强观测）集成观测气溶胶数据和云凝结核同期观测的变化并结合其他污染物演化规律,对比分析了新粒子生成事件和环境变量演化对3个超大城市云凝结浓度形成的影响.结果表明,以用云凝结核（CCN）浓度与气溶胶（CN）数浓度的比值作为3个城市的活化率,北京CCN数浓度约为（500±200） #·cm^-3,CN最大浓度小于（1.0×10⁴±0.3×10⁴） #·cm^-3,活化率约为0.07%.上海CCN数浓度为（1500±500） #·cm^-3,CN最大浓度小于（98.0×10⁴±0.3×10⁴） #·cm^-3,最大活化率为0.05%.广州CCN数浓度为（150±30） #·cm^-3,CN最大浓度为（24.0×10³±0.3×10³） #·cm^-3,最大活化率为0.03%.本文旨在阐明气溶胶物理化学性质（粒子谱、化学成分、排放源等的时空演变特征）在不同排放源和大气边界层条件的影响下,造成不同类型的排放和输送过程对气溶胶活化率的影响,对比发现新粒子生成（NPF）期间CCN数浓度明显高于非新粒子生成（Non-NPF）时期,证明NPF发生时对CCN的活化率（AR）有显著的提升,在过饱和度SS=0.1%下,北京达到峰值在4×10^-3附近,广州的最大值约为17×10^-4,上海的最大值为3×10^-3.且在NPF期间气溶胶活化率显著增加,3个超大城市在NPF和Non-NPF期间,CCN数浓度与活化率的关系在上海尤其明显,化学成分包括有机物、硝酸盐和硫酸盐等物质也会影响超大城市地区气溶胶粒子的活化率,对比发现3个城市在NPF期间CCN数浓度和活化率都明显区别于其他时段.发现气溶胶的物理和化学性质以及与活化率的直接关系,可用以评估新粒子生成对区域大气环境（如霾）的影响,并估计气溶胶贡献为CCN的间接气候影响.     

GB/T 20626.3-2006标准要求和发展解析

由于我国特有的高原环境气候,电工电子产品和设备受雷电、污秽与凝露的影响,性能有较大的变化,本标准的要求目的在于增强电工电子产品和设备在高原雷电、污秽与凝露条件下的适应性能,提高电工电子产品和设备在高原特殊环境条件下的可靠性水平,规范生产、配套和使用行为准则。