交通建设工程安全监管现状及模式探讨

为了找出我国交通建设领域安全监管方面的突出问题,在对国内交通建设工程安全监管现状调研的基础上,从安全监管职责划分、法律法规、标准规范、机构设置、安全监管经费保障、安全监督管理队伍力量、安全监管手段措施、安全教育培训、农村公路安全监管等方面全面分析了当前安全监管中存在的主要问题。针对发现的问题,结合我国交通建设工程安全生产自身的特点和实际,给出了相应的安全监管对策和建议。在以上分析的基础上,对我国各地交通主管部门在交通建设工程安全监管方面的几种方式进行了总结,并对监管模式进行探讨,提出了全过程动态循环安全监管模式的新思路。     

移动脚手架升降作业的FMECA分析

利用FMECA(故障模式,影响及危险度分析)方法回顾了升降作业的典型事故,阐述了架体结构和升降作业流程,对移动脚手架升降作业进行了故障类型、影响及危险度分析,认为保障移动脚手架升降施工作业安全的重点是:保证防坠装置的有效可靠性、维护防护装置的功能完整性、确保提升机构和架体结构的整体稳定性。     

Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar for Selecting Alaskan Lakes for Winter Water Use1

Abstract: Water resources are limited in many areas of the North Slope, Alaska, particularly during winter. Water is used by the oil industry for ice road construction and maintenance, drilling and facility operations, and potable water supplies. The coastal plain between Teshekpuk Lake, in the National Petroleum Reserve‐Alaska (NPR‐A) and the Colville River has numerous shallow lakes, but further south in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, and east to the Canning River, lakes are fewer. While many oil and gas lease sales have been conducted, or are proposed, access to the leases may be limited because of the lack of available water for ice road construction. Ice roads are the main means by which exploration is conducted in the Arctic, putting a stress on freshwater bodies that do not freeze to the lakebed in winter. Lakes that do not freeze to the lakebed also serve as overwintering habitat for fish. The purpose of this paper is to report on the potential distribution of water bodies that may provide overwinter water in selected areas from Teshekpuk Lake to the Canning River. The project used synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to search for the presence of water in lakes in March 2006. In the Kuparuk and Canning SAR images, 52 and 61% of lakes were frozen to their beds by March 2006, accounting for 49 and 57% of the lake area in these study regions. Conversely, only 2% of the lakes in the Teshekpuk region were frozen to the bottom by March 2006. Unfrozen water was more available because of deeper and more numerous lakes in the Teshekpuk Lake region (west) than in the Canning River area (east). While only specific SAR tiles were analyzed herein, the method will be a useful tool for land managers who seek to evaluate the potential for ice road construction across the Arctic.     

Impacts of Multiple Stresses on Water Demand and Supply Across the Southeastern United States1

Abstract: Assessment of long‐term impacts of projected changes in climate, population, and land use and land cover on regional water resource is critical to the sustainable development of the southeastern United States. The objective of this study was to fully budget annual water availability for water supply (precipitation ? evapotranspiration + groundwater supply + return flow) and demand from commercial, domestic, industrial, irrigation, livestock, mining, and thermoelectric uses. The Water Supply Stress Index and Water Supply Stress Index Ratio were developed to evaluate water stress conditions over time and across the 666 eight‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code basins in the 13 southeastern states. Predictions from two Global Circulation Models (CGC1 and HadCM2Sul), one land use change model, and one human population model, were integrated to project future water supply stress in 2020. We found that population increase greatly stressed water supply in metropolitan areas located in the Piedmont region and Florida. Predicted land use and land cover changes will have little effect on water quantity and water supply‐water demand relationship. In contrast, climate changes had the most pronounced effects on regional water supply and demand, especially in western Texas where water stress was historically highest in the study region. The simulation system developed by this study is useful for water resource planners to address water shortage problems such as those experienced during 2007 in the study region. Future studies should focus on refining the water supply term to include flow exchanges between watersheds and constraints of water quality and environmental flows to water availability for human use.     

A Retrospective Look at the Water Resource Management Policies in Nassau County,Long Island,New York1

Abstract: The residents of Nassau County Long Island, New York receive all of their potable drinking water from the Upper Glacial, Jameco/Magothy (Magothy), North Shore, and Lloyd aquifers. As the population of Nassau County grew from 1930 to 1970, the demand on the ground‐water resources also grew. However, no one was looking at the potential impact of withdrawing up to 180 mgd (7.9 m³/s) by over 50 independent water purveyors. Some coastal community wells on the north and south shores of Nassau County were being impacted by saltwater intrusion. The New York State Legislature formed a commission to look into the water resources in 1972. The commission projected extensive population growth and a corresponding increase in pumping resulting in a projected 93.5 to 123 mgd (4.1 to 5.5 m³/s) deficit by 2000. In 1986, the New York Legislature passed legislation to strengthen the well permit program and also establish a moratorium on new withdrawals from the Lloyd aquifer to protect the coastal community’s only remaining supply of drinking water. Over 30 years has passed since the New York Legislature made these population and pumping projections and it is time to take a look at the accuracy of the projections that led to the moratorium. United States Census data shows that the population of Nassau County did not increase but decreased from 1970 to 2000. Records show that pumping in Nassau County was relatively stable fluctuating between 170 and 200 mgd (7.5 to 8.8 m³/s) from 1970 to 2004, well below the projection of 242 to 321 mgd (10.6 to 14.1 m³/s). Therefore, the population and water demand never grew to projected values and the projected threat to the coastal communities has diminished. With a stable population and water demand, its time to take a fresh look at proactive ground‐water resource management in Nassau County. One example of proactive ground‐water management that is being considered in New Jersey where conditions are similar uses a ground‐water flow model to balance ground water withdrawals, an interconnection model to match supply with demand using available interconnections, and a hydraulic model to balance flow in water mains. New Jersey also conducted an interconnection study to look into how systems with excess capacity could be used to balance withdrawals in stressed aquifer areas with withdrawals in unstressed areas. Using these proactive ground‐water management tools, ground‐water extraction could be balanced across Nassau County to mitigate potential impacts from saltwater intrusion and provide most water purveyors with a redundant supply that could be used during water emergencies.     

污水处理构筑物结构方案优化与工程造价经济指标分析

污水处理构筑物如储液池结构设计比较复杂,造价较高,应对其结构型式进行多方案比较及优化,其优化的结果在工程造价方面应得到较好的经济指标。     

对长江上游地区生态环境建设产业化道路改革的思考

以长江上游地区生态环境建设为例 ,阐释了我国社会主义市场经济体制下和林业深化改革进程中生态环境建设产业化的内涵 ,分析了其产业化发展条件和影响因素 ,对其产业化发展思路进行了探讨。     

我国纺织工业建设项目清洁生产评价要点探析

结合国际纺织工业“生态化”发展的态势以及我国纺织化工业发展特点,考虑建设项目环境评价对清洁生产的要求,提出了我国纺织工业建设项目清洁生产评价的要点。从厂址、产品、工艺、设备、资源利用、环境安全等角度构建纺织工业建设项目清洁生产评价指标体系。     

谈如何预防和减少世行、亚行贷款污水处理项目施工索赔

通过分析世界银行、亚洲开发银行贷款污水处理项目因工程变更、合同缺陷、设计缺陷、地质条件变化、工程师指令等引起施工索赔的原因;提出工程师要加强工程的风险意识、提高设计单位的出图质量、谨慎对待增减工程或改变作业顺序的指令、减少变更等预防施工索赔的方法;结合世界银行贷款项目招标文件范本谈了如何减少因工程延期、工程的中断或由于业主的延误等原因引起的施工索赔的措施;做出了减少索赔,工程师应尽早介入前期工作,最好能参与合同的谈判工作的结论.     

地球物理灾害链研究的新进展

本文从2008岁首冰雪灾害链的自然态和人文态分析入手,通过对<地球物理灾害链>一书内容梗概的介绍,阐述了灾害链研究工作的新进展,最后试图运用地球系统科学的理论,指出了若干地球物理灾害链对策.