Heavy metal migration in soils and rocks at historical smelting sites

The vertical migration of metals through soils and rocks was investigated at five historical lead smelting sites ranging in age between 220 and 1900 years. Core samples were taken through metal-contaminated soils and the underlying strata. Concentration profiles of lead and zinc are presented from which values for the distances and rates of migration have been derived. Slag-rich soil horizons contain highly elevated metal concentrations and some contamination of underlying strata has occurred at all sites. However, the amounts of lead and zinc that have migrated from soils and been retained at greater depths are comparatively low. This low metal mobility in contaminated soils is partly attributed to the elevation of soil pH by the presence of calcium and carbonate originating from slag wastes and perhaps gangue minerals. Distances and rates of vertical migration were higher at those sites with soils underlain by sandstone than at those with soils underlain by clay. For sites with the same parent material, metal mobility appears to be increased at lower soil pH. The mean migration rates for lead and zinc reach maxima of 0.75 and 0.46 cm yr^–1 respectively in sandstone at Bole A where the elements have moved mean distances of 4.3 and 2.6 m respectively. There is some evidence that metal transport in the sandstone underlying Bole A and Cupola B occurs preferentially along rock fractures. The migration of lead and zinc is attenuated by subsurface clays leading to relatively low mean migration rates which range from 0.03 to 0.31 cm yr^–1 with many values typical of migration solely by diffusion. However, enhanced metal migration in clays at Cupola A suggest a preferential transport mechanism possibly in cracks or biopores.     

包头市放射性污染源现状及污染防治对策

通过对全市放射性污染源现状调查 ,摸清了全市放射性源的种类、数量、分布及放射性污染物排放现状以及存在的主要环境问题 ,针对存在的问题 ,提出了减轻污染的防治对策     

锦州湾水体中锌、铅、隔存在形式及分布规律的研究

本文研究了锦州湾海域水体中重金属锌、铅、镉各化学形态的含量及其各形态分布特征,其特征变化动态表明,该海域中重金属以可溶态为主要存在形式,其中以水合氧化物为重要清除载体.重金属除周边岩石风化物质的自然背景值外,主要来源于沿岸工厂排废.水体中重金属是在潮流水动力作用下,受各种理化因素的影响,产生迁移和转化.三种元素形态转化强度 Zn>Pb>Cd,它们污染程度为Cd>Zn>Pb.通过多元回归计算求得重金属与环境因素 pH 值(X_(PH))、Eh 值(X_(Eb))、氯度(X_(cl))、溶解氧(X_(DO))、化学耗氧量(X(COD))的多元一次方程.     

A feasibility study on cleaning Pb-contaminated soil with chelating agents

ＡｆｅａｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｓｔｕｄｙｏｎｃｌｅａｎｉｎｇＰｂ－ｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｅｄｓｏｉｌｗｉｔｈｃｈｅｌａｔｉｎｇａｇｅｎｔｓＺｈｕＫｕｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＬａｎｚｈｏｕＲａｉｌｗａｙＣｏｌ...     

本溪市太子河水环境容量计算研究

为保证本溪市水体达到水环境功能区规定的水质目标。需要建立污染物与水体水质之间的输入关系，掌握污染物在环境中迁移转化规律，由此确定本溪市区域水环境容量，及可利用的水环境容量，确定本溪市的污染物总量控制指标-满足本溪市社会经济发展对水环境的需要。达到水环境目标。是本溪市水污染物实施总量控制依据，是水环境管理基础。以此作为先决条件，指导本溪市经济发展和工业布局。     

Maternal cell contamination in chorionic villus samples assessed by direct preparations and three different culture methods

Presumptive maternal cell contamination (MCC) was monitored in identified male cases during cytogenetic comparison of direct techniques and three different culture regimes from 140 thoroughly dissected chorionic villus samples. Of the 66 identified male cases, 11(16·7 per cent) showed MCC, the mean number of cells examined per case being 8·2 (direct) and 14·5 (cultures); in the direct preparations only one of a total of 457 cells examined was female, while preparations from cultures revealed MCC in 11 cases. Four of these had MCC in more than one culture regime and four had only a single female cell. The results showed that (1) dependence on the culture system alone would have given a diagnosis based on maternal cells in one (1·5 per cent) male case, thus underlining the danger of this approach (a similar undetected rate of misdiagnosis being expected in the female cases) and (2) MCC was significantly lower in cultures grown in Chang medium as compared with the other two regimes, McCoy's 5A + 15 per cent fetal calf serum and 1 per cent Ultroser G, and McCoy's 5A + 25 per cent fetal calf serum, the latter expressing the highest level of MCC.     

污染地下水原位处理方法:可渗透反应墙

可渗透反应墙法是 2 0世纪 90年代新兴的一种地下水污染原位处理方法 ,该方法目前在欧美已开始进入广泛的工程应用阶段。该方法与早期的一些处理方法相比 ,具有能持续原位处理、处理组分多、价格相对便宜等特点。本文系统介绍了该处理方法的基本原理、系统的结构构造和类型、处理机理和反应材料以及设计与施工等 ,为在我国开展该方法的研究和应用打下基础。     

Estimation of mercury content in tailings of the gold mine area of Poconé, Mato Grosso,Brazil

As in many other parts of the world, gold is produced in the surface mining region of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil, using mercury. The goal of this investigation was to estimate the amount of mercury in certain tailings and to determine the area of the land that has been contaminated by the gold mining operations. Mercury concentrations from 2 to 495 ng/g (dw) were determined in the tailing materials. It was observed that only isolated sites were acting as central points of contamination. Using digital Landsat satellite data (The-matic Mapper) and aerial photos, the sites degraded by the mining were classified, and their total area was estimated to be 12.3 km² in the region of Poconé. It was estimated, that 4.9 km² were occupied by the contaminated tailings. The mean height of the pile slags was determined to be 4.5 m. From the experimentally calculated average density of the material in the tailings, 2.01 g/cm³, the total mercury content in the piles of tailings was estimated to be 1600 ± 350 kg.     

Preliminary evaluation of bitumen contamination in environmental samples using comprehensive gas chromatography GcxGc – Time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS)

Abstract

Bitumen and bitumen impacted soil and water samples were investigated for their relative chemical composition using comprehensive gas chromatography GcxGc – time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). The results reveal the presence of key compounds which could serve as environmental biomarkers for bitumen impacted soils and aquifers. Prominent alkanes such as 3-methylpentane; 2,2,4-trimethylpentane; 1,3,5-trimethyladamantane; 2,6,10-trimethyldodecane; 3-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl pentane were tentatively identified and are likely potent biomarkers in environmental forensic assessment of bitumen contamination while the presence of some aromatic compounds: 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylbenzene; 3,4-bis(methoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid; 1,3-bezenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-benzenediol; 1,3-dimethylbenzene; 1,2-2-(2-ethylhexoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid; (4-methylpentan-2-yl)benzene; 2,4-dimethyl benzo(H)quinolone will further confirm the bitumen contamination in an area under investigation. A host of additional compounds were tentatively identified, mainly in the bitumen samples. The results obtained in this study provides baseline data for effective monitoring, and source apportionment of oil/oil products spills.     

Sources of polychlorinated biphenyl blank contamination and their impact on fingerprinting

Abstract

The development of high-resolution mass spectrometry methods for the measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in environmental samples has dramatically reduced detection limits, leading to problems obtaining clean blanks. When PCBs are detected in samples at concentrations similar to the blanks, blank contamination must be addressed before fingerprinting and source apportionment through positive matrix factorization (PMF) can be successful. We tested a variety of blank correction methods using data from a study of water column concentrations of PCBs in the Spokane River, where concentrations of Σ₂₀₉PCBs in whole water samples averaged 171?pg/L without blank correction and Σ₂₀₉PCBs in the blanks averaged 88?pg/L. The results suggest that subtracting blank masses from sample masses can lead to erroneous results. Instead, censoring at one times the batch-specific blank level is a better approach. The sources of PCBs in field and method blanks were investigated by examining their congener profiles via PMF. The results suggest that commercial PCB formulations (in the US, Aroclors) continue to be the primary source of PCBs in blanks forty years after PCB production and use were banned in the United States. Other sources of PCBs to blanks include PCB 11 from pigments; PCBs 44?+?47?+?65, 45?+?51, and 68 arising from polymers cured using bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide; and PCBs 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 15 and others arising from silicone products derived from phenylsiloxanes, such as silicone-based adhesives.