复合垂直流人工湿地基质氧化还原酶活性研究

对复合垂直流人工湿地系统(IVCW)基质中5种常见的氧化还原酶活性进行了研究.结果表明,氧化还原酶活性存在显著性季节差异,过氧化物酶在春、夏、秋三季的酶活性显著高于冬季的酶活性(P＜0.05);多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性最高在秋季;脱氢酶在夏、冬两季时酶活性显著高于秋季和春季的酶活性(P＜0.05);硝酸盐还原酶在春、冬季时显著高于夏、秋季(P＜0.01).空间分布上,除过氧化物酶外,湿地下行流池的酶活性显著高于上行流池,并且随着基质深度的增加递减;但基质硝酸盐还原酶各层之间差异不显著.图6表3参17     

降雨作用下坡面侵蚀的水动力机理

降雨作用下的坡面侵蚀不仅导致严重的水土流失,同时也可能诱发严重的重力地质灾害如滑坡、泥石流等.研究其发生发展的机理以及内部理论规律对减灾防灾具有至关重要的作用.文章以水动力学公式为基础,从坡面颗粒侵蚀的水分环境角度入手,分析了浸泡状态下松散颗粒和固定颗粒的侵蚀机理,揭示降雨作用下坡面水流与坡面颗粒间的相互作用关系,并给出各类型侵蚀发生所对应的临界降雨强度.最后,通过实例计算验证了理论的合理性.     

超细颗粒在单个上升气泡内的沉积过程模拟

从单个上升气泡内外流场的完全Navier-Stokes方程数值解出发,用Lagrange轨道跟踪的方法研究了超细颗粒在单个上升气泡内的沉积过程,在气泡的流场中考虑了气泡运动中的变形．在超细颗粒的受力中考虑了粘性阻力和Bromnian运动扩散力．在常温下水．空气体系中,对气泡直径0.1～1mm,超细颗粒直径0.1～2μm的情况进行了数值模拟,并对数值模拟的结果进行了拟合,得出简便易用的经验公式。     

微环境新风量的检测原理及方法研究

新风量是评价室内微环境空气卫生质量的主要卫生指标之一,也是计算室内某种气体单位时间排放量的重要参数。以CO2作为示踪气体,利用于冰升华和人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体两种测量方法对室内和车内微环境进行了检测,并考虑室内人呼出CO2量的影响,运用箱子模式的各种推导公式（稳态法、解析解法和差分法）对新风量进行了计算,并对结果进行了讨论。结果表明,没有人存在下,用箱子模式的解析解法和差分法计算的新风量值没有明显的统计差异;微环境内有人时必须考虑人释放的影响,这样箱子模式的各种推导公式都可以计算新风量值,且结果准确,准确度高。利用人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体法,用差分法计算结果不理想,偏差很大;用稳态法计算重现性高,结果可靠。     

分段流动分析法测定水中总氰化物

水样预蒸馏后,经分段流动分析仪自动进样器进入分析模块对水中的总氰化物进行分析。通过试验,确定了最佳测定参数,方法检测限为0 002mg/L,对高低两个不同浓度的标准样品分析,测定值均在其保证值范围内,相对标准差<2 %,准确度和精密度均较好。循环周期约70s,每小时可测定50个样品,分析速度快,尤适于大批量样品的测定。     

Time-series product and substance flow analyses of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment in China

Given the amounts of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment (EoL-EEE) being generated and their contents of both harmful and valuable materials, the EoL-EEE issue should be regarded not only as an emerging environmental problem but also as a resource management strategy in China. At present, in order to provide the basis for managing EoL-EEE at both product and substance levels in China, it is necessary to carry out a quantitative analysis on EoL-EEE and to determine how much of it will be generated and how much materials and substances it contains. In this study, the possession and obsolescence amounts of five types of household appliance (HA) including television (TV) sets and the amounts of substances contained in EoL TV sets were estimated using time-series product flow analysis (PFA) and substance flow analysis (SFA). The results of PFA indicated that the total possession amounts of those five types of HAs will exceed 3.1 billion units in 2030, which will be two times higher than those in 2010. In addition, it was estimated that cumulatively over 4.8–5.1 billion units of these five types of EoL HA would be obsoleted between 2010–2030. The results of SFA on TV sets indicated that the generated amounts of most of the less common metals and a part of common metals such as copper (Cu) would tend to decrease, whereas those of other common metals such as iron (Fe) as well as precious metals would tend to increase in EoL TV sets in 2015–2030. The results of this study provide a quantitative basis for helping decision makers develop strategic policies for the management of EoL-EEE considering both environmental and resource aspects. Moreover, a calculation scheme of obsolete HAs presented in this study can be applied to estimate other types of EoL durable good. Meanwhile, the frameworks of this study will help not only the policy decision makers in the Chinese government but also those in developing countries that are facing similar problems.     

动量探头对流化床中簇团运动特性的研究

在很多工业生产过程的气固两相流动中,固体颗粒多以簇团的形式存在,而在目前已投产运行的流化床设备中,能够有效获取床内簇团特性的设备尚较少见。使用动量探头在一循环流化床锅炉冷态试验台上,以玻璃微珠为床料,采集了炉内不同空间位置不同工况下的簇团压力波动信号,并对信号进行滤波处理,得到相应周期内的簇团频率。通过试验证实了基于簇团频率测量的动量探头能够有效获取炉内簇团运动特性,从而了解床内流化状态的改变、床内磨损状态、床内物料量变化等信息。该方法正确反映了炉内工况的变化,并可直接用于实炉热态测量,为设备安全稳定运行提供了参考。     

Analysis of the Effect of the Beavers‐Joseph Interface Condition on Flow in Karst Conduits1

Li, Guangquan, Yuan Cheng, and Bei Zhao, 2012. Analysis of the Effect of the Beavers‐Joseph Interface Condition on Flow in Karst Conduits. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00683.x Abstract: In this study, we derive an approximate analytic solution for the distribution of flow velocity in a cylindrical conduit and the surrounding media, and analyze the effect of differing parameters (e.g., conduit radius) on the velocity of conduit flow. The solution is then employed to estimate the thickness of the boundary layer inside the media. The results reveal that when conduit radius is large, the Beavers‐Joseph condition has only a minor effect on the velocity of conduit flow (such that the nonslip condition on the conduit wall still works pretty well), and the boundary layer is so thin that the wall can still be treated as the interface between fast water in the conduit and slow water in the media. The solution indicates that the velocity of conduit flow is the superposition of the velocity profile in the nonslip situation onto the slip velocity on the wall. Our study theoretically shows that the coupled continuum pipe flow model in MODFLOW‐2005 constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey is reasonable in that there is no need to consider the Beavers‐Joseph condition when simulating flow in karst conduits. The role of the boundary layer in transport and its effect on the hyporheic zone is not clear, which is a suitable topic for future study.     

大渡河上游八步里沟泥石流防治中的资源综合利用研究

八步里沟位于大渡河上游,沟口堆积扇为金川县城,历史上泥石流灾害严重。20世纪80年代以来,对泥石流灾害进行了综合治理,工程防治效果明显,通过近30a的演化,防治工程与泥石流灾害共同作用形成了独特的泥沙资源并进行了初步开发。分析了八步里沟的资源特征、综合开发利用的制约因素、开发与保护的优化配置以及进一步开发的空间等问题,发现拦砂坝库区的建材开发有效延长了工程运行年限,沟内种植经济林抑制了泥石流灾害,拦砂坝抬高沟床侵蚀基准面为小水电开发和灌溉提供了水头,经济发展与灾害防治形成良性循环,达到可持续发展的目的。为提高资源利用率,最大化发挥防灾工程的经济效益和社会效益,可进一步利用现有治理工程建立泥石流防治的科普基地,沟口堆积扇泥石流排导工程两侧设立限制开发区、建立生态公园,达到优化资源开发的目的。     

淠河流域不同强度等级降水变化研究

淠河流域降水时空变率大,深入分析不同强度等级降水的特征和变化,对于全面揭示研究区气候变化、合理有效利用水资源、防治洪旱灾害具有十分重要的意义。基于淠河流域12个气象站1958~2012年逐日降水资料,分析年、季不同级别降水量(频次)的变化特点,以及主汛期(5~9月)连续3d最大降水量的概率分布。结果表明,淠河流域小雨量(频次)四季分布比较均匀,级别越高,降水频次越少,分布越集中,夏季暴雨多发。淠河流域年总降水量增加趋势不显著,总降水频次则显著减少。夏季各级别降水量(频次)均呈增加趋势,其中暴雨增加最显著,冬季总降水频次无明显趋势变化,小雨、中雨量增加显著,春、秋季总降水频次和小雨频次的减少趋势极其显著。淠河流域暴雨量、暴雨频次均在1968年发生增多突变,小雨频次在1975年有极显著减少突变,年总降水量有增多突变,总降水频次则有减少突变。自20世纪70年代后期以来,研究区主汛期连续3d极端强降水出现概率加大,不同重现期极值增大,洪涝灾害风险加剧。