Non-Cancer Health Risk Assessment from Exposure to Cyanide by Resident Adults from the Mining Operations of Bogoso Gold Limited in Ghana

Cyanide is a very toxic chemical that is used to extract gold from its ores. Wastewaters from gold mining companies such as Bogoso Gold Limited (BGL) contain cyanide and other potentially toxic chemicals that have adverse effects on human beings and aquatic organisms. This study was conducted to evaluate the human health risk assessment from exposure to free cyanide via oral and dermal contact of surface/underground water by resident adults within the concession of Bogoso Gold Limited. The chronic non-cancer health risk from exposure to cyanide in River Bogo Upstream is 230 and 43 (by Central Tendency Exposure (CTE) parameters respectively). This means that approximately 230 and 43 resident adults are likely to suffer diseases related to cyanide intoxication via oral and dermal contact respectively. For chronic exposure to River Bogo Downstream by resident adults, the non-cancer health risks are: 0.031 and 0.57 via oral and dermal contact for CTE parameters respectively, which also means that, the non-cancer health risks associated with cyanide intoxication is negligible as the hazard index is less than 1.0 via oral and dermal contacts respectively. The results showed that health risk for acute exposure to cyanide by the resident adults is very high. Hence the residents attribute most of the unexplained deaths in the communities to accidental ingestion and dermal contact of cyanide water.     

Cu~(2+)改性活性炭的制备及其去除废水中CN~-的研究

以活性炭为载体负载溶液中的 Cu~(2+),Cu~(2+)改性活性炭对溶液中 CN~-的去除效果较好。Cu~(2+)改性活性炭的最佳制备条件:活性炭加入量为1 g,质量浓度为5 g/L 的 CuSO_4溶液加入量为50 mL,溶液 pH 为4,负载时间为5.0 h。在此最佳条件下活性炭的最大 Cu~(2+)负载量为25.90 mg(以每克活性炭计)。Cu~(2+)改性后活性炭的 CN~-去除率明显提高,由22.10%提高至94.07%。Cu~(2+)改性活性炭吸附CN~-的最佳实验条件:溶液 pH 为12～13,吸附时间为9 h。Cu~(2+)改性活性炭对 CN~-的饱和吸附量为22 mg/g。Mg~(2+),K~+,Ca~(2+),Cl~-,SO_4~(2-),CO_3~(2-),AsO_3~-对 Cu~(2+)改性活性炭的 CN~-去除率基本没有影响。Cu~(2+)改性活性炭的动态吸附实验表明,开始一段时间流出液中 CN~-含量几乎为零,远低于国家排放标准(0.5 mg/L)。     

固体废物氰化物总量和浸出毒性测定方法的比较

中国现行的固体废物氰化物总量和氰化物浸出毒性的分析方法存在缺陷,不便于广泛指导监测工作,笔者优化了固体废物氰化物测定的前处理方法,明确了固体废物氰化物总量、氰化物浸出毒性测定时的样品粒径、浸提方法和消解方法,建立了容量法、分光光度法、流动注射法测定固体废物氰化物总量和浸出毒性的方法,并与标准方法（离子色谱法）进行比较。实验结果表明：容量法、分光光度法、流动注射法测定结果与离子色谱法无显著差异,3种方法测定固体废物氰化物总量加标回收率为80.5%~102%,平行样测定相对标准偏差为3.0%~6.9%,3种方法测定固体废物氰化物浸出毒性加标回收率为80.1%~107%,平行样测定相对标准偏差为7.8%~9.5%,3种方法测定结果精密度和准确度良好,均能够满足固体废物氰化物总量和氰化物浸出毒性的测定要求。其中容量法、分光光度法由于其仪器设备简单、操作简便,可用于突发环境事件应急监测等情况下固体废物氰化物的测定。但容量法检出限较高,不能满足评价标准较低的分析测试工作要求,离子色谱法、分光光度法和流动注射法检出限均能满足一般分析测试要求。     

Removal of total cyanide in coking wastewater during a coagulation process：Significance of organic polymers

Whether a cationic organic polymer can remove more total cyanide （TCN） than a non-ionic organic polymer during the same flocculation system has not been reported previously. In this study, the effects of organic polymers with different charge density on the removal mechanisms of TCN in coking wastewater are investigated by polyferric sulfate （PFS） with a cationic organic polymer （PFS-C） or a non-ionic polymer （PFS-N）. The coagulation experiments results show that residual concentrations of TCN （Fe（CN）6^3-） after PFS-C flocculation （TCN 〈 0.2 mg/L） are much lower than that after PFS-N precipitation. This can be attributed to the different TCN removal mechanisms of the individual organic polymers. To investigate the roles of organic polymers, physical and structural characteristics of the floes are analyzed by FT-IR, XPS, TEM and XRD. Owing to the presence of N＋ in PFS-C, Fe（CN）3- and negative flocs （Fe（CN）63- adsorbed on ferric hydroxides） can be removed via charge neutralization and electrostatic patch flocculation by the cationic organic polymer. However, non-ionic N in PFS-N barely reacts with cyanides through sweeping or bridging, which indicates that the non-ionic polymer has little influence on TCN removal.     

一株产碱杆菌DN25中降氰酶的提取和特性研究

从实验室自行保藏的一株高效降氰菌株——产碱杆菌Alcaligenes sp.DN25中提取降氰酶,并研究其降解特性。通过分别测定胞内酶、胞外酶和细胞碎片对氰化物的降解率,初步判断该菌株降氰酶主要分布在细胞内。所提取的降氰酶具有较好的保存稳定性和pH稳定性,降解最适条件为温度35℃、pH7.0,并测得该降氰酶的米氏常数Km和最大反应速率分别为267.8mg/L和6.71mg/(L·min)。检测出该酶降解氰化物的产物之一为NH3,降解完全;尿素对酶活有抑制作用,初步可断定此酶中存在氰水合酶。     

优化LACHAT流动注射仪在线氰方法分析时间的探讨

对于反应复杂的项目,流动注射分析的单位分析时间较长,造成样品批量分析时间过长,效率低下.本文通过实践,介绍了在LACHAT QuckChem 8000流动注射仪上,优化在线总氰化物方法分析时间和提高分析效率的使用经验.     

废水总氰化物测定干扰的消除

为解决测定受有机物污染的城镇污水原水中氰化物含量过程中出现的总氰化物未检出,进出水总氰化物浓度倒大等问题,采取增加石油醚(90~120℃)萃取或银盐沉淀预处理的步骤,实现对干扰的消除,方法相对标准偏差在4.8%~26.5%之间,加标回收率在84%~90%之间。     

自动蒸馏预处理测定水中氰化物

采用DCS系列蒸馏仪研究建立水质氰化物自动蒸馏预处理方法。通过对加热温度和真空压力、吸收速率、加热时间等参数的优选实验,找到该仪器针对水质氰化物的最佳预处理条件,用异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法检测馏出样品。实验结果显示空白实验、检出限与水质氰化物HJ 484—2009标准分析方法一致,实际样品加标回收率95%~104%,精密度2.6%~4.6%,符合环境监测水质分析技术要求。     

多元配合物胶束增溶光度法测定微量氰化物

根据CN-对丁二酮肟-Ni-OP-10体系的增色作用,建立了一种测定微量氰化物的新方法.该方法操作简便,选择性好,不需要蒸馏和萃取.CN-量在0～5μg/25ml内符合比尔定律,用于环境水中氰化物的测定,结果满意.     

焦化废水除氰工艺的优化研究

对某焦化厂生化出水进行了除氰研究。对硫酸亚铁混凝除氰法进行了优化,采用沉淀净化法对其出水进行深度处理,考察了工艺中不同影响因素对总氰化物(TCN)去除效果的影响。结果表明,硫酸亚铁混凝除氰法的最佳反应条件为pH 5.00、FeSO4·7H2O投加量500mg/L、反应时间15min、沉淀时间30min;在此条件下,当原水TCN质量浓度为3.1~4.1mg/L时,出水TCN质量浓度达到0.60~0.70mg/L,需作进一步的深度处理。采用沉淀净化法处理硫酸亚铁混凝除氰法出水的最佳反应条件为先同时投加药剂A和药剂B,投加量分别为150、0.75mg/L,反应15min后,再按2mg/L投加药剂C,继续反应3min,最终出水TCN质量浓度低于0.1mg/L,达到《炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准》(GB 16171—2012)要求(氰化物排放限值为0.2mg/L);在此条件下,单位废水处理的药剂成本合计约为0.25元/t。