汉江堵河流域地表水质时空变化特征

对汉江堵河流域9个点位为期1年的地表水水质理化特性进行时空特征分析，应用〖WTBX〗t〖WTBZ〗检验进行水质季节性变化分析，聚类分析进行空间相似性分析以确定空间尺度的分类情况，判别分析识别显著性指标，并以此反映上述空间聚类分析结果的差异性。结果表明:①Cl-、总溶解性固体（TDS）及浊度（Turbidity） 3项指标没有表现出显著的时间差异性；②温度、pH、NO-3、TP表现为丰水季显著大于枯水季，而SO2-4、HCO-3、NH+4、 DO则表现出相反的变化趋势，即枯水季显著大于丰水季；③空间聚类分析将采样点分为4类；④判别分析体现出良好的指标降维能力，仅需4个指标（NO-3、TDS、SO2-4、HCO-3）即可反映整体水质的空间差异性。     

洞庭湖钉螺扩散与水情变化规律

洞庭湖区是目前我国钉螺分布范围最广且血吸虫病疫情最难防治的疫区。为揭示近年来洞庭湖区钉螺扩散与疫区水情变化的关系，从洪水对钉螺扩散及其孳生地环境淹没时间影响考虑，提出了表征疫区钉螺扩散及孳生地变化的水情指标，选用最能综合反映洪水年水情变化的汛期平均水位作为疫区水情变化的表征指标，并以洞庭湖为例定量分析了洞庭湖区钉螺扩散与以城陵矶站汛期平均水位为指示性指标的疫区水情的相关关系。其结果显示洞庭湖区钉螺面积与湖区汛期平均水位线性相关性显著，其相关关系式为y＝0.107 2x+14382(r=0822,p<005)，其中y为洞庭湖区钉螺分布面积，x为城陵矶站汛期平均水位。     

红枫湖地表水中多环芳烃的分布及来源

将固相微萃取与气相色谱联用，对贵阳红枫湖水样中16种美国环境保护署优控的多环芳烃进行分析。结果表明：红枫湖水中16种多环芳烃总量为0167 1~0336 4 μg/L，与国内其它水系相比，湖中存在多环芳烃轻度污染。7种（萘、荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘和苯并(ghi)苝）多环芳烃的总量未超出中国城市供水行业对多环芳烃规定的限值，但作为饮用水源，红枫湖水中的苯并(a)芘含量已超出我国标准GB3838-2002中生活饮用水地表水源地的苯并(a)芘限值，并且苯并(a)蒽、〖JX-*9〗〖SX（B-25x〗〖HT7，5”〗艹〖〗〖HT6”，5”〗屈〖HT5”〗〖SX）〗〖JX*9〗、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘的含量也超过了美国环境保护署地表水水质标准限值。通过多环芳烃特征参数的比值，分析了红枫湖水中多环芳烃的污染来源。污染源分析表明，湖中多环芳烃的主要来源为燃烧源，包括木材、煤以及化石燃料的燃烧，同时也有一部分多环芳烃是来源石油类物质的输入.     

Water Resource Management in Botswana: Balancing Sustainability and Economic Development*

Botswana is a rapidly developing country in southern Africa. Over the last three decades, diamond mining and tourism have provided double-digit rates of economic growth. Yet most of Botswana’s land is in the Kalahari desert where the climate is subject to sustained periods of severe drought. In this environment, water resources are the most crucial of all environmental resources. Water use directly affects economic development because water utilization impacts all the major national economic sectors. A sustainable water use resource management plan must stretch several decades into the future to assure the availability of adequate supplies of water to future generations while not compromising the ability of the current generation to reasonable rates of economic development. Yet thinking about sustainability is present in Botswana water policy mostly only in rhetoric. A series of cultural traditions and political constraints, coupled with bureaucratic managerial weaknesses, serve to maintain a system of water allocation that is unsustainable in the long run and inefficient in the short-term. Unless sustainable water use patterns are adopted, the results for the short-term, as well as the long-term, will be devastating. Drawing on data obtained through a series of interviews with government officials, leaders of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and water resource researchers, this paper explores water policy in Botswana within the larger context of sustainable natural resource management practice and the pressures of economic development. This research was partially funded under U.S. Department of State, College and University Affiliations Grant # ASCS-1095.     

流域水权市场中的节水激励

流域水权制度是否具有内在的节水激励是能否纾缓一个国家或地区水资源危机的关键.水权再分配机制是水权制度的重要组成部分,而水权市场则是水权再分配机制的方式之一.该文通过构建节水投资收益净现值(NPV)模型,分析水权市场对节水激励的作用,讨论各因素对不同层次用水户进行节水投资决策的不同影响,并且应用节水投资收益净现值模型对黄河流域进行了案例分析.分析表明:有效的流域水权市场能够激励用水者进行节水投资,获得水权交易收益,同时缓解水资源供需矛盾,实现流域水资源的优化配置;跨地区跨行业的水权交易由于规模大,需要的投资金额多,交易成本较高,只能由较高级别的水资源管理机构或取水工程完成,但需要采取适当的节水设施管理方式;地区内行业内的水权交易规模小,需要的投资金额少,交易成本低.对于微观用水户具有激励作用,但需要政府提供相应的信贷支持.     

Study of the comparative dynamics of the incorporation of tissue free-water tritium (TFWT) in bulrushes (Typha latifolia) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Almaraz nuclear power plant cooling reservoir

The Almaraz nuclear power plant (Spain) uses the water of Arrocampo reservoir for cooling, and consequently raises the radioactive levels of the aquatic ecosystem of this reservoir. From July 2002 to June 2005, monthly samples of surface water, bulrushes (Typha latifolia) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) were collected from this reservoir. They were analyzed to determine the temporal evolution of the levels of ³H in surface water and of its transfer from the surface water to free-water in the tissues (TFWT) of the aforementioned two organisms. The tritium levels in the surface water oscillate with a biannual period, with their values in the study period ranging between 53 and 433 Bq/L. The incorporation of tritium to bulrushes and carp was fairly similar, the respective mean concentration factors being 0.74 and 0.8 (unitless, as Bq/L tissue water per Bq/L reservoir water). The temporal evolution of the levels fairly closely followed that observed for the surface water tritium, although detailed analysis showed the dominant periodicity for the bulrushes to be annual. This difference reflects the influence on the incorporation of tritium to bulrushes of diverse environmental and metabolic factors, especially evapotranspiration and the seasonal growth of this plant.     

Americium,plutonium and uranium contamination and speciation in well waters,streams and atomic lakes in the Sarzhal region of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site,Kazakhstan

New data are reported on the concentrations, isotopic composition and speciation of americium, plutonium and uranium in surface and ground waters in the Sarzhal region of the Semipalatinsk Test Site, and an adjacent area including the settlement of Sarzhal. The data relate to filtered water and suspended particulate from (a) streams originating in the Degelen Mountains, (b) the Tel′kem 1 and Tel′kem 2 atomic craters, and (c) wells on farms located within the study area and at Sarzhal. The measurements show that ²⁴¹Am, ^239,240Pu and ²³⁸U concentrations in well waters within the study area are in the range 0.04–87 mBq dm⁻³, 0.7–99 mBq dm⁻³, and 74–213 mBq dm⁻³, respectively, and for ²⁴¹Am and ^239,240Pu are elevated above the levels expected solely on the basis of global fallout. Concentrations in streams sourced in the Degelen Mountains are similar, while concentrations in the two water-filled atomic craters are somewhat higher. Suspended particulate concentrations in well waters vary considerably, though median values are very low, at 0.01 mBq dm⁻³, 0.08 mBq dm⁻³ and 0.32 mBq dm⁻³ for ²⁴¹Am, ^239,240Pu and ²³⁸U, respectively. The ²³⁵U/²³⁸U isotopic ratio in almost all well and stream waters is slightly elevated above the ‘best estimate’ value for natural uranium worldwide, suggesting that some of the uranium in these waters is of test-site provenance. Redox analysis shows that on average most of the plutonium present in the microfiltered fraction of these waters is in a chemically reduced form (mean 69%; 95% confidence interval 53–85%). In the case of the atomic craters, the proportion is even higher. As expected, all of the americium present appears to be in a reduced form. Calculations suggest that annual committed effective doses to individual adults arising from the daily ingestion of these well waters are in the range 11–42 μSv (mean 21 μSv). Presently, the ground water feeding these wells would not appear to be contaminated with radioactivity from past underground testing in the Degelen Mountains or from the Tel′kem explosions.     

北京市黑臭水体治理的动态遥感监测及影响因素分析

为及时、准确掌握黑臭水体治理进展,基于“北京二号”影像数据和同期的野外综合水体实测数据,采用深度学习算法对黑臭水体进行识别,并引入地理探测器对黑臭水体影响因素进行定量分析。结果表明：基于Faster R-CNN算法的黑臭水体遥感识别,总准确率达到90%左右,短时间内(5~33 h)即可完成北京市建成区黑臭水体的筛查工作;在空间维度上,黑臭水体主要分布在中心城区以外,并在通州区、朝阳区和大兴区较为集中;在时间维度上,专项治理期间(2015—2018年)内,黑臭水体的数量和长度总体趋势都是递减的,但偶尔也有反黑现象;2018年底,在全市建成区范围内,已全面消除黑臭现象;在一年内,第1季度水体环境最好,第2季度次之,第3季度最差,从第4季度开始好转;在北京市大兴区,土壤全氮量(贡献率为32.07%)和周边养殖场排污(贡献率为27.04%)是黑臭水体形成的主要影响因素,高程(贡献率为8%)、土壤类型(贡献率为7.6%)和土地利用类型(贡献率为6.1%)的贡献率较弱。由此可以看出,基于Faster R-CNN算法识别影像中的黑臭水体识别准确率高,可及时、准确地监测城市黑臭水体治理情况,使用地理探测器可定量分析并确定各影响因素的贡献率。本研究成果可为城市黑臭水体的动态监测和治理提供有力的技术支撑。     

有机污染场地原位热脱附工程尾水尾气的处理技术进展

污染场地原位热脱附过程不可避免地产生尾水尾气,其处理技术普遍存在工艺设计不成熟、污染物脱附规律认识不明晰、二次污染控制措施薄弱等问题,缺乏具有针对性的技术装备研发和应用指导。通过分析污染场地原位热脱附工程尾水尾气处理技术的应用现状、污染物脱附规律和现有专利情况,总结归纳实际工程应用中应注意的问题,进而提出原位热脱附工程尾水尾气处理工艺的设计和设备选型建议,并展望进一步的应用及研究,以期为我国有机污染土壤原位热脱附修复技术的推广和应用提供参考。     

丹江口水库水质空间异质性多指标监测综合分析技术及效果

为深入分析丹江口水库水质时空差异性,探索影响水质的重要因子,提供更具综合性的水质分析方法,基于5个不同观察点,监测水质理化指标和浮游细菌(真菌)群落多样性指标,并采用判别分析法、配对T检验法、直接相关和典型相关分析法进行分析。结果表明：丹江口库区5个观察点的水质在2016年和2017年分别属于良好状态和优秀或良好状态,但是判别分析法显示水质理化指标在5个观察点上整体存在显著差异;浮游细菌(真菌)群落多样性指标在5个观察点上整体存在显著差异; 5个观察点水质理化性质在2 a的2个时期上均无显著性差异,即水质营养状态无显著变化,但两者之间存在显著相关性;对丹江口库区的水质理化指标群与浮游细菌(或真菌)群落多样性指标群按照2个不同时期分别进行典型相关分析,发现水质理化指标的变化趋势与浮游细菌群落多样性指标变化趋势一致;依据所有水质理化指标和浮游真菌(或细菌)群落多样性指标进行综合判别分析,可对不同观察点进一步精细分类;通过典型相关分析发现浮游真菌(或细菌)群落多样性指标可以间接指示或反映水质变化的特点;环境因子（水质理化指标）中重要指标包括X₃(COD)、X₅(NH₃-N)、 X₇(Chl-a)和X₈(SD);浮游细菌群落多样性重要指标包括Y₁(序列条带)、Y₂(OTU数)、Y₃(Ace指数)和Y₄(Chao1指数);浮游真菌群落多样性重要指标包括Y₁(序列条带)、Y₂(OTU数)和Y₃(Ace指数) 。本研究采用的多指标综合分析技术较单指标逐一分析更能全面客观地反映水质变化全貌,可为完善和丰富水质环境监测数据综合分析技术手段提供一定的参考。本研究结果可为相关管理部门监测和改善南水北调中线水源区水质并制定政策提供基础数据和参考依据。