活化铁锰结核的除氟性能研究

通过批实验研究接触反应时间、温度、共存阴离子对除氟效果的影响.结果表明,接触反应时间为48 h时,吸附都将近平衡.温度越高,越有利于氟离子的吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模式都可以较好地描述氟离子的吸附特性.热力学分析发现活化铁锰结核对氟的吸附为自发的吸热反应.当其他阴离子存在时,会对吸附造成不利影响.柱实验结果表明,活化铁锰结核动态除氟效果很好,性能稳定,机械强度高,易洗脱再生,且洗脱再生后饱和吸附量明显增大.出水中铁、锰含量不超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准.用Thomas模型分析,得到的平均饱和吸附量可达1.340 mg/g.X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析表明,经FeCl3活化的铁锰结核表面附着大量铁的氧化物或氢氧化物.这些铁的氢氧化物或氧化物对水中氟离子的去除起重要作用.     

Johnson & Ettinger模型和Volasoil模型在污染物室内挥发风险评价中的应用和比较

在土壤污染和地下水污染的现场,挥发过程是挥发性污染物暴露的重要途径.设置典型土壤污染场景作为研究对象,选取Johnson&Ettinger模型和Volasoil模型进行室内挥发过程的模拟和暴露浓度的计算.对两个模型中污染物的运移机理进行了比较和分析.尽管方法和参数选择有所不同,二者对污染源处三相平衡浓度的计算本质上是一致的.暴露浓度的计算结果表明,两个模型对室内挥发过程的模拟可能会有较大差异,与污染现场的具体情况有关.参数影响的分析表明,污染源顶部埋深对二者暴露浓度的影响一致,Johnson&Ettinger模型对污染土壤含水率的大小非常敏感.建议考虑房屋结构的实际情况,选用或者改进模型进行室内挥发过程的评价.     

武汉东湖部分原生动物种类污染值的建立

利用对武汉东湖进行的为期１ 年的原生动物采集及鉴定结果以及同时进行的水质化学测试结果,对所建立的原生动物生物指数进行了验证,表明所得ＣＰＶ与化学综合污染指数呈显著的相关,说明建立的生物指数对淡水水系有广泛的实用性．对汉江中没有观察到的某些原生动物建立了其种类污染值     

基于MIKE 11的河网区域小型闸坝调控的水质响应模拟研究

闸坝运行是流域开发和利用中河流调节的主要形式之一,它改变了河流自然结构、流水过程及其相关环境.然而,目前很少有关于河网区域小型闸坝运行对水环境影响的分析.本研究利用MIKE11建立一维水动力与水质模型,以无锡市主要的污染物高锰酸盐指数,氨氮为指标,模拟闸坝调控模式下与无闸坝情景下无锡河网水质响应.研究表明：多个小型闸坝运行对河网区域内河流水质产生了负面影响,使城市河流高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)和氨氮(NH₃-N)浓度都有所上升;其中,闸坝调控对区域内河流上游水质的负面影响更为明显,对下游的则相对较小.在多小型闸坝运行下,河流上游的COD_Mn和NH₃-N总体浓度分别上升了12.89%和11.11%,下游的二者浓度分别上升了5.38%和7.27%.研究结果可为今后小型闸坝群的生态调控以及相关水环境响应研究提供了理论支撑和新思路.     

Optimum conditions for the formation of Al13 polymer and active chlorine in electrolysis process with Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anodes

A polyaluminum containing a high concentration of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine (PACC) was successfully synthesized by a new electrochemical reactor using Ti/RuO₂-TiO₂ anodes. PACC can potentially be used as a dual-function chemical reagent for water treatment. The obtained results indicated that the formation of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine, were the most active components in PACC responsible for coagulation and disinfection respectively. These components were significantly influenced by electrolyte temperature, current density, and stirring rate. It was observed that high electrolyte temperature favored the formation of Al₁₃. Increasing current density and stirring rate resulted in high current efficiency of chlorine evolution, thus favoring the generation of Al₁₃ and active chlorine in PACC. When the PACC (Al_T = 0.5 mol/L, basicity = 2.3) was prepared at the optimum conditions by electrolysis process, the Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine in product reached above 70% of Al_T and 4000 mg/L, respectively. In the pilot scale experiment with raw polyaluminum chloride used as an electrolyte, PACC was successfully prepared and produced a high content of Al₁₃ and active chlorine products. The pilot scale experiment demonstrated a potential industrial approach of PACC preparation.     

城市河道水质评价与研究

结合内梅罗指数法的原理,考虑金属毒性的积累效应,引入污染因子权重值,将权重值最大的评价指标纳入计算,采用改进的内梅罗指数法评价城市河道的水质污染状况。并对水质的划分标准临界值进行计算,以此作为评价水质污染状况的依据。研究结果表明,两种方法具有明显的差异,改进的内梅罗指数法对水质污染状况的评价结果较传统内梅罗指数法的辨识度更高,能够综合客观全面地体现城市河道水质状况,与真实情况较好的吻合,更为客观、合理。     

澳门半岛近岸海域水质时空变异分析

采用聚类分析和判别分析技术对澳门半岛近岸海域22个监测点2000~2005年期间的监测数据进行水质时空分析,旨在识别澳门半岛近岸海域水质时空变化特征,从而为澳门半岛水质监测网络的优化和近岸海域水质的控制提供支持.监测点位取样时间聚类结果可分为6~9月和1~5月、10~12月2组,与传统的4~9月和10~3月的丰、枯水期划分存在差异;按采样点位的空间聚类结果显示,第1组的监测站点都位于西侧,第2组的监测站点都位于东侧和南侧.通过后退式判别分析,表征空间差异性的显著性指标为pH、氯化物、TSS、颜色;表征时间差异性的显著指标为总磷、氯化物、颜色、氨氮、溶解氧、化学需氧量.空间与时间差异性判别的正确率分别达到84.82%和76.57%,显示后退式判别分析具有较好的指标降维能力和判别能力.     

Effects of salinity on soil bacterial and archaeal community in estuarine wetlands and its implications for carbon sequestration: verification in the Yellow River Delta

Soils from two typical tidal salt marshes with varied salinity in the Yellow River Delta wetland were analysed to determine possible effects of salinity on soil carbon sequestration through changes in soil microbiology. The mean soil respiration (SR) of the salt water–fresh water mixing zone (MZ) was 2.89 times higher than that of the coastal zone (CZ) (4.73 and 1.63?μmol?m^?2?s^?1, respectively, p?Pseudomonas sp. and Limnobacter sp. that might have led to its higher dehydrogenase activity and respiratory rates. Additionally, the CZ possessed more Halobacteria and Thaumarchaeota with the ability to fix CO₂ than the MZ. Significantly lower soil salinity in MZ (4.25?g?kg^?1) was suitable for β-Proteobacteria, but detrimental for Halobacteria compared with CZ (7.09?g?kg^?1, p?相似文献   

亳州中药材及产地土壤和地下水中氟化物含量

分析了毫州典型中药材及产地土壤和地下水中氟化物的含量.结果表明,中药材基地表层土壤全氟平均和水溶性氟含量分别在278.4-625.6 mg·kg-1和5.02-16.3 mg·kg-1之间,均值分别为532.8 mg·kg-1和9.88 mg·kg-1.表层土壤全氟平均含量高于全国土壤总氟背景值(478 mg·kg-1...     

Role of water chemistry on estrone removal by nanofiltration with the presence of hydrophobic acids

Hydrophobic acid organic matter (HpoA) extracted from treated effluent has been known to improve the rejection of steroid hormone estrone by reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. In this study, the effects of solution chemistry (solution pH and ionic strength) on the estrone rejection by NF membrane with the presence of HpoA were systematically investigated. Crossflow nanofiltration experiments show that the presence of HpoA significantly improved estrone rejection at all pH and ionic strength levels investigated. It is consistently shown that the “enhancement effect” of HpoA on estrone rejection at neutral and alkaline pH is attributed to the binding of estrone by HpoA macromolecules via hydrogen bonding between phenolic functional groups in feed solutions, which leads to an increase in molecular weight and appearance of negative charge. The membrane exhibited the best performance in terms of estrone rejection at pH 10.4 (compared to pH 4 and pH 7) as a result of strengthening the electrostatic repulsion between estrone and membrane with the presence of HpoA. At neutral pH level, the ability of HpoA macromolecules to promote estrone rejection became stronger with increasing ionic strength due to their more extended conformation, which created more chances for the association between estrone and HpoA. The important conclusion of this study is that increasing solution pH and salinity can greatly intensify the “enhancement effect” of HpoA. These results can be important for NF application in direct/indirect potable water reuse.