A2/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的分形结构与理化特征分析

采用图像法和沉降柱法分别研究了A²/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的形貌、粒度分布、低维分形维数和沉降速率、有效密度、空隙率以及质量分形维数,并尝试探讨了上述相关性质与这些污泥宏观操作性质(沉降、压缩、脱水和稳定性)相关的各种理化指标以及胞外高分子物质(EPS)的含量之间的变化关系.结果表明,污泥絮体呈现不规则的形貌,表面具有空隙.其有效密度一般随着其粒径的增加而降低,而空隙率和沉降速率却呈现与有效密度相反的变化趋势,这些均表明了污泥絮体的分形结构的存在.2次所采集的污泥絮体的中位直径分别为248.81、 332.86 μm,有效密度的平均值分别为0.004 0、 0.007 2 g·cm^-3,自由沉降速率的平均值分别为2.67、 4.79　mm·s^-1,空隙率的平均值分别为0.94、 0.89,一维分形维数分别为1.03、 1.19,二维分形维数分别为1.64、 1.84,采用基于Logan经验公式的有效密度-最大直径的双对数关系确定的质量分形维数分别为1.74、 2.29.尽管第2次所采集的污泥絮体较为密实,但其表面粗糙程度却比第1次的低.此外,研究中发现絮凝能力较高或负电荷较高的A²/O好氧污泥絮体具有高的SVI和ZSV值;分形维数较低的污泥具有高的剪切敏感性和低絮体强度,相应的污泥稳定性低;EPS总量高的污泥脱水性能差,EPS中蛋白质含量高的污泥其表面电荷也较高.     

动态渗透压力法研究水处理滤料的润湿性

润湿性是水处理滤料的一个十分重要的表面性质.以Washburn方程为原理,用动态渗透压力法研究了无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料的亲油亲水润湿性.实验结果表明,方法的重现性较好,误差在10%以内.当滤料的粒径范围在0.6～0.9mm之间时.以该法测得无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料的亲油亲水比(LHR)值依次为2.511、1.748和1.317,说明无烟煤滤料的亲油性最好,铝矾土陶瓷次之,而磁铁矿的亲油性最差.XPS和FTIR分析结果表明,无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料润湿性差别主要归因于其表面化学结构的不同.     

高度有序的TiO2纳米管阵列光催化性能研究

采用恒压阳极氧化法在纯钛箔表面制备TiO2纳米管阵列,利用SEM和XRD对其进行了形貌和晶型的分析和表征,并通过TiO2纳米管阵列膜对甲基橙光催化降解,探讨光照时间、甲基橙溶液的初始浓度、溶液的初始pH值和H2O2加入浓度等因素对甲基橙的脱色率影响.结果表明,H2O2加入浓度为50mg·L-1,紫外光照射2h,溶液为中性时,在30 mg·L-1的甲基橙溶液(50mL)中,甲基橙溶液的脱色率达到100%.当H2O2加入浓度进一步增大到100 mg·L-1时,光催化的效率进一步提高,紫外光照射1h,甲基橙溶液的脱色率就已经达到了100%,并未出现抑制光催化的现象.同时还研究了TiO2纳米管阵列电极的稳定性.实验结果表明,随着TiO2纳米管阵列使用次数的增加,其光催化效果略有所下降.     

一种测定活性污泥中高等微生物活性的方法

采用机械破碎方式灭活活性污泥中高等微生物,并通过测定破碎前后泥样耗氧速率(OUR)之差别间接计算高等微生物的活性作用.实验结果表明,以分散机破碎活性污泥,高等微生物均可被有效地破碎灭活,且再培养138h后不再恢复.与此同时,对酵母菌破碎实验显示,机械破碎并未对其数量、形态以及活性产生太大影响,这表明机械破碎亦不会对个体尺寸比酵母菌更小的细菌构成任何影响.为使破碎前后活性污泥絮凝体形态基本一致,将破碎后的泥样经离心处理,以尽可能使絮凝体恢复如初(以SVI衡量).通过比较破碎前后泥样的OUR并计算可知,高等微生物活性相对于活性污泥总活性约占12%～14%.     

Green energy generation through PEHF – a blueprint of alternate energy harvesting

In this work, an attempt has been made to harvest green energy from piezoelectric material using fluid flow in a conduit. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting using Fluid Flow (PEHF) experimental model has been designed and the outputs obtained are compared with results obtained from simulations using ANSYS (computational fluid dynamics) and also with the mathematical modeling. The PEHF model has been utilized to analyze the effect of flow rate of water with reference to energy extracted. The full wave bridge rectifier and voltage doubler circuits have been used to obtain the direct current (DC) from the PEHF model. It is observed that the output obtained using experiments holds good in agreement with the results retrieved through simulations and mathematical results. The increase in flow rate of fluid leads to initially increase and then decrease in output of PEHF model as the maximum energy generated when flow rates (external force) matches with the frequency of excitation of the systems, i.e., at its resonance. The maximum energy output is generated at its resonance frequencies. It is observed that the full wave bridge rectifier circuit gives greater output as compared to a voltage doubler circuit.     

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil

In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) involving central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the reaction parameters of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil during the single-step transesterification process. A total of 30 experiments were designed and performed to determine under the effects of variables on the biodiesel yield such as methanol to oil molar ratio (2:1–10:1), catalyst concentration (0.2–1.0 wt.% NaOH), reaction temperature (50–70°C), and reaction time (30–90 min). The second order polynomial model was used to predict the biodiesel yield and coefficient of determination (R²) was found to be at 0.9818. The optimum biodiesel yield was calculated as 96.695% from the model with the following reaction conditions: 7.41:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.63 wt. % NaOH of catalyst concentration, 61.84°C of reaction temperature, and 62.12 min of reaction time. It is seen that the regression model results were in agreement with the experimental data. The results showed that RSM is a suitable statistical technique for optimizing the reaction parameters in the transesterification process in order to maximize the biodiesel yield.     

Dynamic contact angle effects on gas-liquid behaviors in the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with stirred tank reactor design

Liquid water management is still a critical issue in the improvement of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance. In this work, for the first time, the liquid water behavior and transport inside the cathode of a PEMFC with a stirred tank reactor (STR) design, rather than the conventional PEMFC flow channel design, are numerically studied. The dynamic contact angle (DCA) is applied to multiple wall boundaries in the numerical model through a user-defined-function (UDF) code, i.e., STR-DCA model. Another numerical model with the static contact angle (SCA) and same operating conditions, i.e., STR-SCA model, is also developed for comparison. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is employed in the simulation to track the gas-liquid interface. The results show that the liquid water distribution and transport are significantly different between these two models, indicating the remarkable effects of DCA on the simulation results. It is also verified the capability of STR-PEMFC to reduce the liquid water flooding, showing the potential of this channel-less type fuel cell in the further development.     

巷道冲击地压模拟试验及其过程动态演示

以巷道冲击地压灾害为典型案例,通过对巷道类冲击地压事故机理的分析,设计了一项巷道冲击地压试验装置,通过视频剪辑和动画制作技术,实现了对冲击地压试验的全程记录,并利用分频、字幕说明等形式对冲击地压试验动态过程进行了演示和说明。结果表明,该试验装置结合了巷道冲击地压发生原理,以动画方式演示,具有直观、简洁、易于理解的特点,为揭示冲击地压过程及其发生机制提供了一种新方法。     

Design and cognitive evaluation of 6 dynamic lane departure warning symbols

Objective: Lane departure, caused by inattention, distraction, drowsiness, or any unusual driver behavior, is a typical risk threatening the driver as well as other road users. Accurate perception of such situations through effective warnings would help drivers to avoid serious consequences. With regard to critical functions of warning symbols for risk communication, the present study focused on providing effective and easily perceivable symbols, compatible with human cognitive capabilities. Thus, the main purpose of the present study was to design and cognitively appraise 6 newly designed dynamic symbols, candidates for a new type of lane departure warning system.

Methods: Simplicity, familiarity, concreteness, meaningfulness, and semantic closeness were the major assessment criteria, defining cognitive features by the earlier researchers in the field. A total number of 187 driving license applicants, with a mean age of 20.58 years (SD = 3.20), participated in the present survey. The participants rated cognitive features of the 6 dynamic symbols along a 0–100 scale.

Results: Significant main effect of the element factor type of the designed symbols on rating cognitive features revealed that the existence of car element was the best predictor for illustrating lane departure. The interaction of both element factor and location of element factor significantly affected the ratings. However, the location of element factor did not solely have any strong effect on the ratings. The results also demonstrated that semantic closeness received the highest overall mean score across symbols (M = 61.80), especially within the symbols that include the car element (M = 75.67). Moreover, a significant difference was observed between the average ratings of the cognitive features, despite the fact that a significant correlation was found between cognitive features.

Conclusion: The most considerable result of the current study was the match between the symbol with the highest ratings and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)-related icon in appearance. Because previous studies demonstrated a strong correlation between comprehension scores of the symbol and both semantic closeness and meaningfulness, high-level comprehensibility of the best ranked symbol is expected.     

微生物调控对有机废物堆肥的理化性质影响研究

研究了微生物调控对有机生活废物堆肥的理化性质影响,结果表明:添加微生物处理比对照处理提前1 d进入高温分解期,且高温(>50℃)持续时间为6 d,较对照处理的长3 d;pH呈先升高后降低的趋势,微生物处理的pH值对照处理的偏低;EC值呈"M"型变化规律,微生物处理的EC值较对照高;在整个堆肥过程中微生物处理的胡敏酸E 4/E 6值都低于对照,表明添加菌剂有利于生活垃圾腐殖化;以发芽指数GI均大于80%这一标准评判,微生物处理比对照提前8d腐熟.