基于能源消费情景模拟的北京市主要大气污染物和温室气体协同减排研究

在改善城市空气质量的同时降低温室气体(GHG)排放,是未来北京市能源管理和环境保护工作的共同目标和主要任务.本研究结合北京市中长期规划发展目标及能源消费结构,分别设置基于节能政策和环保要求的低、中、高这3种能源消费约束情景,并使用LEAP模型模拟预测3种情景下北京市主要大气污染物和GHG在2010～2020年间的减排效果.结果表明,通过加强节能减排和污染控制政策对能源消费系统施加约束和优化,至2020年北京市能源消费可降低1 000～3 000万tce,SO2、NOx、PM10/PM2.5、VOC和GHG排放量将分别降至7.1～10.02、15.92～21.87、8.98～13.38/5.14～9.60、5.64～7.48和14 820～16 470万t,与低约束情景相比,中、高情景下大气污染物和GHG排放将分别减少53%～67%、50%～64%、33%～55%/25%～60%、41%～55%和26～34%.进一步的协同减排分析表明,北京市应重点调控工业、交通、服务业部门的化石能源消费,在有效缓解能源消费压力的同时实现主要大气污染物与GHG的协同减排.     

Experiment-based investigations of magnesium dust explosion characteristics

An experimental investigation was carried out on magnesium dust explosions. Tests of explosion severity, flammability limit and solid inerting were conducted thanks to the Siwek 20 L vessel and influences of dust concentration, particle size, ignition energy, initial pressure and added inertant were taken into account. That magnesium dust is more of an explosion hazard than coal dust is confirmed and quantified by contrastive investigation. The Chinese procedure GB/T 16425 is overly conservative for LEL determination while EN 14034-3 yields realistic LEL data. It is also suggested that 2000-5000 J is the most appropriate ignition energy to use in the LEL determination of magnesium dusts, using the 20 L vessel. It is essential to point out that the overdriving phenomenon usually occurs for carbonaceous and less volatile metal materials is not notable for magnesium dusts. Trends of faster burning velocity and more efficient and adiabatic flame propagation are associated with fuel-rich dust clouds, smaller particles and hyperbaric conditions. Moreover, Inerting effectiveness of CaCO₃ appears to be higher than KCl values on thermodynamics, whereas KCl represents higher effectiveness upon kinetics. Finer inertant shows better inerting effectiveness.     

A simple method to harness DC (direct current) electrical energy generated by bacterial activity

We developed a new system for collecting electrons generated by bacterial activity to supply DC (direct current) electrical energy. This system used eight titanium sub-electrodes (surface area of each sub-electrode: 189 cm²) connected to one central main titanium electrode (surface area of electrode: 1571 cm²). The distance between each sub-electrode and the main electrode was 30 cm. In an initial experiment, we collected electrons during composting cattle excreta, which was mixed with a commercially available microbial compost activator/starter. We analysed the relationships between the composting temperature and electrical current and voltage. Electrons were effectively collected and used successfully to obtain DC electrical energy. Generation of a stable voltage of approximately 0.5 V was clearly observed. This voltage was not related to compost temperature; however, the generated electrical current increased and decreased with compost temperature. The method was then used in a second experiment to collect electrons generated by bacterial activity in an agricultural field (area: 48 m²). Electrons in the field were effectively collected, and we measured a stable voltage of approximately 1.1 V and a stable current of approximately 0.7 mA. The system has the advantages of being simple, easily maintained, inexpensive, and applicable to large-scale agricultural fields.     

Controls on sediment delivery in coastal plain rivers

Rivers crossing coastal plains are often inefficient conveyors of sediment, so that changes in upstream sediment dynamics are not evident at the river mouth. Extensive accommodation space and low stream power often result in extensive alluvial storage upstream of estuaries and correspondingly low sediment loads at the river mouth. However, gaging stations with sediment records are typically well upstream of the coast, and thus tend to overestimate sediment yields by under-representing the lower coastal plain and because there is often a net loss of sediment in lower coastal plain reaches. Studies of alluvial sediment storage have generally focused on accommodation space, but, using examples from Texas, we show that low transport capacity controlled largely by slope is a crucial factor.     

Water conservation due to greywater treatment and reuse in urban setting with specific context to developing countries

In India, the per capita water availability is reducing day by day due to rapid growth in population and increasing water demand. Greywater treatment and reuse is one of the feasible options in developing countries like India to overcome this problem. A greywater collection, treatment and reuse system was designed and implemented in an urban household having a water requirement of 165 liter per capita per day (lpcd) and a greywater generation rate of 80 lpcd. An upflow-downflow greywater treatment plant having a screening, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection as major treatment processes was constructed and treated greywater is used for toilet flushing and to irrigate the vegetables in the backyard of the household. Greywater characterisation indicates that COD and BOD are sufficiently reduced during the treatment and there is also substantially reduction in Escherichia coli count. The payback period of this greywater treatment and reuse system is estimated to be 1.6 year.     

企业清洁生产审核过程的体会

企业清洁生产审核是企业实行清洁生产的重要前提.阐明了企业清洁生产审核的重要性、面临的形式、存在的问题,以及改进的措施和努力的方向.     

新能源整车控制器试验参数测试系统设计

为了满足新能源整车控制器试验参数测试的要求,本文设计了一种包括上位机、控制模块组、资源分配盒及相关设备的测试系统,详细说明了测试系统硬件平台设计和系统软件设计.测试结果表明,该系统具有可靠、灵活、智能化程度高和适用性强的特点.     

降低天然气压缩机组单位能耗的研究

文章以探索提某站4台伴生气天然气压缩机组运行时效作为研究目的,针对压缩机组运行过程中出现的机组排量低、运行参数偏离设计值等问题开展研究,采取调整余隙和增大动力缸上止点时燃烧室容积等措施,实现机组提高处理量、降低单位能耗的目的,在为企业节省生产运行成本的同时,实现节能减排。     

油气集输及处理节能减排的实践与探索

通过分析某作业区节能减排的现状、潜力及存在问题,结合典型实例,探讨了油田节能减排的途径和主要方法:应建立和完善各项节能减排制度,在推进能源节约、推行污染减排、加强资源综合利用等方面,实现全方位立体化节能减排。同时,应制定中长期工作规划,淘汰高能耗设备、应用新技术、加大监督检查力度等措施以实现油田企业可持续发展。     

民族自治区高碳能源生态足迹与经济增长的动态响应

从碳循环角度改进生态足迹模型,在建立向量自回归模型的基础上,运用广义脉冲响应函数法来描述民族自治区经济增长与高碳能源生态足迹之间的动态关联性.冲击响应分析表明,民族自治区经济增长与高碳能源生态足迹之间存在较强的交互响应作用,一方面经济增长是高碳能源生态足迹持续增加的重要原因,另一方面高碳能源生态足迹对经济增长具有一定的反作用.