油墨含能NiCr桥电爆换能规律及间隙点火性能研究

目的 针对低功耗换能元点火能力不足的问题,采用油墨直写技术制备一种油墨含能NiCr桥换能元。方法 以Al/CuO为主体含能材料,完成含能油墨的制备,并将其集成到NiCr桥上,形成油墨含能NiCr桥。对油墨含能NiCr桥换能元进行电爆实验和间隙点火实验,验证油墨含能NiCr桥的非接触式点火能力。结果 在24 V/100μF条件下,油墨装药量为2.9 mg时,油墨含能NiCr桥可以在5 mm间隙下点燃B/KNO₃装药,在间隙为1 mm条件下,油墨含能NiCr桥能够成功引发装药为硝酸肼镍的雷管。结论 含能油墨的引入能够增强Ni Cr桥的点火起爆能力,有望在工程实践中进行应用。     

光催化电化学联合降解水中苯酚的研究

采用电化学、光催化联合工艺降解水中苯酚,在对其降解机理、反应动力学进行分析的基础上,考察了电解质浓度、电流密度及溶液pH等控制因素对降解速率的影响。实验结果表明：电化学和光催化同时作用时,产生了协同作用;以氯化钠为电解质可增强协同作用;光电联合工艺降解苯酚符合准一级反应动力学;弱酸性环境有利于降解反应的进行。在电流密度...     

硝化污泥富集及其强化高氨氮冲击的中试研究

采用膜生物反应器（MBR）为富集装置,以预处理后的城市污水外加硫酸铵为培养基质,研究了温度、溶解氧、氨氮容积负荷、游离氨（FA）和游离亚硝酸（FNA）等因子对硝化污泥富集的影响并核算富集成本,同时考察了该硝化污泥用于强化废水生物系统抗氨氮冲击能力的效果.结果表明,MBR中富集培养182 d后,污泥的硝化活性达到98.41 mg·（L·h）^-1,比启动时提高约30倍,硝化菌产量为14.96 mg·（L·d）^-1,富集1 kg硝化污泥成本为3.52元.温度是影响硝化污泥活性的主要因素,低于15.0℃时污泥的硝化活性降至最高值的三分之一,降低氨氮容积负荷在一定程度上可以减轻低温的影响.此外,溶解氧不足时,亚硝氮积累减缓了硝化菌富集速度.把上述富集的硝化污泥应用于受高氨氮负荷冲击的生物处理中试系统中,投加2%硝化污泥后,系统对氨氮的去除率由29.4%提高至88.4%;此后该系统在水温降至（13.3±1.6）℃时,氨氮去除率也能高达99.0%.上述中试结果显示了硝化污泥富集后用于生物强化废水生物处理系统、提高其硝化功能启动与恢复速度的可能性.     

Flux enhancement during ultrafiltration of produced water using turbulence promoter

IntroductionThe application of ultrafiltration for producedwater treatment is still costly in terms of energyconsumption and equipment cost compared withconventional water treatment processes. Thehigh-energy consumption comes from the highcirculation velocity, and it is necessary for controllingconcentration polarization and membrane fouling,which still remain a topical problem for an industrialdevelopment of ultrafiltration processes. Membranefouling in ultrafiltration is complex, accumulatio…     

Long-Term Growth Enhancement of Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) from Municipal Wastewater Application

Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.]. The study site, a swamp in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, has received municipal wastewater for the last 40 years. Growth chronologies from 1920 to 1992 were developed from cross-dated tree core samples taken from treated and control sites with similar size and age classes. Mean diameter increment (DINC) and mean basal area increment (BAI) chronologies were constructed separately for each stand. These chronologies were then summarized by tree and stand into seven nine-year intervals resulting in three pretreatment intervals from 1926 to 1952 and four treatment intervals from 1953 to 1988. Significant differences in growth response between sites showed a consistent pattern of growth enhancement in the treated site coincident with the onset of effluent discharge. The ratio of treated to control baldcypress growth rates (computed from DINC) averaged 0.74 during the pretreatment period and 1.53 during the treatment period. Over the period of study, control DINC decreased from 77 mm to 29 mm/nine-year interval, while treatment DINC increased slightly from 40 mm to 47 mm/nine-year interval. Control BAI did not increase significantly and averaged 192 cm²/nine-year interval. There was a significant increase in treatment BAI from 129 to 333 cm²/nine-year interval over the period of record. These results clearly demonstrate sustained long-term baldcypress growth enhancement throughout 40 years of municipal effluent discharge.     

生物强化方式对生物转盘处理养殖废水效果及生物多样性的影响

畜禽养殖废水污染物浓度高、生物毒性大,导致传统生物处理工艺难以满足达标排放要求.为探究高效的畜禽养殖废水处理工艺,采用生物转盘作为主体工艺,利用异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌（简称"HN-AD菌"）为生物强化菌剂,对比了强化污泥挂膜和菌剂挂膜两种不同生物强化方式下该工艺在启动时间、碳耗、能耗、真实废水处理效果及微生物多样性方面的差异,以确定最佳生物强化方式.结果表明:①模拟废水试验中,菌剂挂膜反应器启动时间（19 d）明显短于强化污泥挂膜（33 d）,参数优化后发现,在相同处理效果下,前者碳耗、能耗较后者分别低48.22%、33.33%.②真实废水处理试验中,菌剂挂膜反应器的COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、TN平均去除率较后者分别高7.11%、26.97%、29.14%.③在微生物多样性方面,菌剂挂膜体系中Comamonas（丛毛单胞菌属）相对丰度是强化污泥挂膜体系的10倍左右,推测Comamonas可能是在异养硝化好氧反硝化过程中发挥关键作用的菌属.④SEM观察发现菌剂挂膜生物转盘盘片上的生物膜更薄,但HN-AD优势菌富集程度更高.研究显示,菌剂挂膜反应器对模拟废水、真实废水的处理效果均优于强化污泥挂膜反应器,且效果更稳定.      

生物强化自发电化学氧化含硫废水及关键功能微生物研究

构建了以高锰酸钾溶液为阴极电子受体,石墨棒为电极的硫化物自发电化学氧化系统.该系统可自发电化学氧化硫化物,去除率为68.15％～89.30％,其主要氧化产物为单质硫(68.10％～86.63％),且最大氧化速率可达34.76 mg· L-1· h-1,最大稳定电流密度为37.38 mA· m-2.经生物强化后,该系统的...     

Experimental tests of the information-center hypothesis with black vultures (Coragypsatratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartesaura)

In field tests of the information-center hypothesis (ICH) in south Texas with black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), large carcasses were provided and kept under continuous observation. The use vultures made of these bait sites and their patterns of arrival were recorded to evaluate predictions derived from the ICH. Turkey vultures discovered most bait sites (30 of 31) first, but frequently were displaced from the food by later-arriving black vultures. This competitive exclusion by black vultures limited subsequent feeding opportunities for turkey vultures sufficiently that few (27%) returned on subsequent days to bait sites they had previously visited. I found no evidence that those turkey vultures that did return to bait sites acted as leaders for groups of naive birds and led them to bait sites – knowledgeable and naive turkey vultures did not arrive at bait sites together, and groups arriving at bait sites were not larger on subsequent days than on the first days carcasses were available. In contrast, a significantly larger percentage (47%) of knowledgeable black vultures returned to bait sites they had visited on previous days, and the first groups of black vultures arriving at bait sites on subsequent days were significantly larger than the equivalent groups on first days. Nine flocks of black vultures that arrived on subsequent days at bait sites before sunrise (which suggests the birds had commuted directly from a roost) contained knowledgeable birds, and two of these flocks contained both knowledgeable and naive individuals. Overall, 10 of 54 naive tagged black vultures (18.5%) arrived at bait sites under circumstances that suggested they had followed conspecifics to the food from a roost. However, most black vultures apparently found carcasses through independent search or by using local enhancement. Therefore, I conclude that while following from roosts to food sites is a strategy used by black vultures, at this study site it is one they use relatively infrequently. Received: 20 February 1997 / Accepted after revision: 28 June 1997     

污泥热处理及其强化污泥厌氧消化的研究进展

污水生物处理的广泛应用产生了大量剩余污泥,剩余污泥的处理与处置已成为污水处理厂面临的一个重大挑战.厌氧消化是一种常用的污泥处理方法,传统的污泥厌氧消化处理方式存在许多不足,而污泥热处理却能使之改善.本文综述了近几年来污泥热处理的研究进展,从污泥热处理的机理出发,总结了热处理对污泥的作用过程及其对污泥特性的影响,分析了污泥热处理的影响因素.在阐述热处理对污泥厌氧消化的强化作用及其强化机理的基础上,深入分析了影响热处理强化污泥厌氧消化的主要因素.同时,对污泥热处理及其强化污泥厌氧消化存在的不足及其今后的发展方向作了简要的分析和展望.     

人工强化湿地处理污水系统在西安秦岭山水住宅小区的应用分析

文章对人工强化湿地净化机理以及影响因素进行了探讨,针对西安秦岭山水生活污水人工湿地深度处理系统,介绍了人工强化湿地污水处理的基本工艺流程与工艺设计数据,就其在污水处理领域应用的前景进行了讨论。对相关的水质参数进行检测的结果表明,本系统对COD、BOD5、NH3-N、总氮、TP及动植物油的去除率分别为70%、78%、58%、82%、69%及74%,整个污水处理系统运行较好。