海上溢油蒸发过程的研究进展

从研究方法、预测方程的建立及蒸发机理的研究等几方面对几下年来国内外学者在溢油蒸发领域的工作进行评述。对蒸发的考察主要是对油组成变化和总量变化的测定，相庆地，蒸发预测模型有准组分法和分析法，模型大多用了迁移系数法，并认为蒸发为一级衰减，准组分法中结合Ｒａｏｕｌｔ定律，而分析法多用蒸馏曲线参数表征油的整体挥发性，机理研究的不足影响了所建预测模式的准确性，本文也展望了该方面将来的研究方向。     

油田高压注汽盐析及预防研究

本文分析研究了油田注汽系统盐析现象及其成因和危害,并根据盐析成因探索了预防注汽盐析方法以减少甚至消除其危害。通过研究确定,采用高压旋流饱和蒸发与低压闪蒸和多效蒸集成技术是预防注汽系统盐析并减少甚至消除盐析及其造成的危害较为有效的方法。     

ESTIMATION OF REGIONAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM ARID AND SEMI-ARID SURFACES1

ABSTRACT: Evapotranspiration (ET) from oasis and Gobi surfaces in the Heihe River region of China was estimated by Kotoda (1986) and Advection-Aridity (Brutsaert and Stricker, 1979) models. The ET estimates were compared with eddy-correlation ET estimates. The ET estimated by both models are in good agreement with ET obtained by means of eddy-correlation method for the oasis surface while underestimating ET as compared to the eddy-correlation method. For the Gobi surface, the models yielded obviously overestimates of evapotranspiration. In order to estimate evapotranspiration from arid surfaces, the Kotoda model was modified by introducing the surface moisture availability parameter a from Barton (1979). The modified Kotoda model yielded ET estimates that were very close to that from the eddy-correlation method for the Gobi surface. The modified Kotoda model was used to estimate evapotranspiration from the Heihe River watershed, an area with complicated topography and land use, and the results compared with those from a water balance method. A sensitivity analysis of the modified model was performed. The results show that the modified Kotoda model can reflect the relationship between the actual evapotranspiration and the main controlling factors on it for both wet and arid surfaces reasonably. From this study, it can be concluded that the modified Kotoda model is applicable fro the estimation of regional evapotranspiration from areas with complicated topography and land use.     

Numerical simulation of evaporation of volatile liquids

The paper presents the results of the validation of the developed pool evaporation model using literature and our own experimental data. The proposed model was used to examine the effect of wind velocity and pool sizes on the evaporation rate of volatile liquid (hexane). Contrary to the semi-empirical evaporation model widely used in hazard assessment, stronger dependence of evaporation rate on pool size at low wind speeds is obtained.     

双甘膦废水处理技术研究

双甘膦废水中含有高浓度总磷、有机磷、甲醛、氰化物、氨氮、COD,运用三效蒸发＋强氧化＋两级化学除磷＋UASB＋兼氧＋好氧组合处理双甘膦废水。研究结果表明双甘膦废水排放满足《污水综合排放标准》（G88978—1996）二级排放标准。     

机械制造业中镀铬工序清洁生产方案研究

通过对机械制造业中某一电镀企业重金属离子铬的产排污情况分析,评价了该企业的清洁生产水平,制定了清洁生产的中高费方案,即将镀铬工序产生的含铬废水蒸发浓缩后,浓缩液进入镀铬槽内进行回用,蒸馏水则回用于水洗槽用作清洗用水。并从技术、环境和经济3个方面进行了评估,环境评估从7个方面进行,如资源与能源、废弃物排放量变化、回收利用情况等,证明该方案实施是可行的,为我国机械制造业中镀铬工序的清洁生产提供了参考依据。     

The Existence and Removal of Evaporable 137Cs-Containing Compound(S) From the Extract of Lichen Cetraria Islandica

The aim of the work described here was to investigate the existence of evaporable ¹³⁷Cscontaining compound(s) in lichen and to suggest a possible way of dealing with a phenomenon during lichen exploitation. A sample of lichen, Cetraria islandica, was submitted to aqueous extraction and the extract was monitored to be ¹³⁷Cs-radioactive. It was heated according to the experimental schedule and the resulting vapour passed over a layer of activated charcoal. By measuring the decrease in the radioactivity content of the lichen extract after heating and the radioactivity of the adsorbent it was found that a significant amount of the extracted ¹³⁷Cs could be evaporated and bound to the charcoal adsorbent (40.6%). If not captured, this radiocaesium may lead to air pollution, especially of immediate breathing space.     

从锦纶6生产废水中回收己内酰胺技术的改进

采用三效蒸发－间歇蒸馏技术,从锦纶６生产装置的萃取废水中回收已内酰胺。通过对三效蒸发工艺澈听改进,降低了蒸发冷凝水中已内酰胺单体含量,使蒸发冷凝水全部回用于萃取系统,萃取废水已内酰胺单体的回收率达到９９％。     

IMPACT OF THERMAL STANDARDS ON POWER PLANT WATER CONSUMPTION1

Power plant water consumption (evaporative water loss) for various river temperature standards is presented for existing and proposed power plants located along the Missouri and Upper Mississippi Rivers in the MAPP geographical area. Thermodynamic and economic models are combined to evaluate the cooling related water consumption at various river thermal standards. The existing thermal standards and a number of other hypothetical thermal regulations including the extreme cases of no thermal standards and no allowable heated discharges are examined to show the dependence on thermal standards of power production related water consumption. A critical appraisal of the cost of thermal standards in terms of water consumption is thereby possible so that subjective assessments of the standards can proceed with full knowledge of the tradeoffs involved between the “water costs” of power production and environmental enhancement.     

EFFECT OF TWO IMPOUNDMENTS ON THE SALINITY AND QUANTITY OF STORED WATERS1

ABSTRACT The effect of hydrologic and chemical processes on salinization of stored waters was determined for two small floodwater-retarding structures located in western Oklahoma. One structure, already designed to accommodate a large influx of sediment, was further overdesigned hydrologically by upstream diversion of approximately one-half the inflow. Over a 2-year period, the total salinity of stored waters increased approximately 22 times and the stored water volume decreased to 1/33 its initial volume in the overdesigned structure, while both volume and salinity of stored waters remained comparatively stable in the other structure. The lack of sufficient dilution by better quality surface runoff and the increased residence time of water in the impoundment apparently caused most of the salinity increase. The bulk of the salt load entering the over-designed structure, to be concentrated later by evaporation, was associated with base rather than storm inflow. After base inflow ceased, substantial losses of salt load and stored water occurred concurrently. The loss was not adequately explained by chemical precipitation in association with evaporation. Seepage and evaporation-associated variables appeared to account for much of the hydrologically unexplained loss of stored waters.