长江入海口北岸单站降水组分10年变化状况探讨

分析2001—2010年南通市区城中子站降水监测点位数据,得出降水中起致酸作用的阴离子硫酸根、硝酸根、氟离子和氯离子中除硝酸根呈现显著性上升趋势,其余上升趋势不明显;氯离子、钠离子与降水量存在高度线性负相关,硫酸根、硝酸根与降水量分别为低度非线性负相关和正相关,其他项目与降水量为显著性非线性负相关;将pH分5级,pH<4.7为重酸雨频率,pH4.7～5.0为较重酸雨频率,pH5.0～5.3为中度酸雨频率,pH5.3～5.6为轻度酸雨频率,pH≥0.56为非酸雨频率,其结果表明:南通市区2009、2010年酸雨频率降低,分别为44.1%和38.2%,主要是重酸雨频率减少,非酸雨频率增加;2003、2007年酸雨频率升高,分别为67.4%和69.8%,主要是重酸雨频率增加,非酸雨频率减小;降水量大小与电导率浓度高低没有对应性;阴阳离子浓度总量逐年、逐月同步变化;阴离子中硫酸根、硝酸根浓度逐年、逐月变化量与幅度较大;阳离子中钙离子、铵离子浓度逐年、逐月变化量与幅度较大;阴阳离子浓度逐年、逐月占比呈准对称形。     

离子交换树脂D001对罗丹明B的吸附特性

采用强酸性阳离子交换树脂D001作为吸附剂吸附脱除水溶液中的罗丹明B(Rh B)。SEM和FTIR表征结果显示:D001树脂表面存在孔隙,可增加树脂的比表面积;树脂表面的磺酸基团可通过与阳离子染料Rh B络合而将其吸附。实验结果表明:Langmuir等温吸附模型能更好地描述树脂对Rh B的吸附规律,升高温度有利于树脂吸附Rh B;吸附过程符合Lagergren准一级动力学方程,初始Rh B质量浓度为20 mg/L时吸附活化能为7.06 k J/mol;树脂对Rh B的吸附是一个自发的、吸热的、熵推动的过程;颗粒扩散为吸附过程的控制步骤;树脂具有良好的重复使用性能。     

阳离子交换膜对Cu~（2＋）离子交换的动力学及热力学研究

对阳离子交换膜离子交换Cu2＋的动力学及热力学现象进行了研究,结果表明：温度25℃,溶液pH=6时,干膜对Cu2＋饱和交换容量为0.506 mmol/g;随Cu2＋初始浓度的升高,离子交换速率常数随之增加;随温度升高,离子交换速率常数随之增加;随转速升高,离子交换速率常数随之增加;离子交换过程与一级反应速率方程拟合结果良好;△G0〈0,表明离子交换反应能自发进行;△H0m〉0,表明的交换反应为吸热反应;△S0〉0,表明交换反应是熵变增加的反应。     

Modeling the mobility of glyphosate from two contrasting agricultural soils in laboratory column experiments

The method of single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) was modified in our laboratories for the characterization of baculoviruses, insect viruses with great potential for use as bioinsecticides in biological protection programs. A series of primers were synthesized after the comparison of the polyhedrin gene sequences of over 20 baculoviruses. Polyhedrin is a highly conserved protein which is responsible for the persistence of the virus in the environment. Universal primers were designed which could be used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) containing genomic DNA from an array of nucleopolyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) including these which are used as biopesticides against important pests of forests and crops, such as Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Lymantria dispar, Lymantria monacha and many others. PCR products were denatured and subjected to single-strand DNA electrophoresis at variable temperatures (MSSCP) where, after silver staining, they gave ssDNA band patterns characteristic for each baculovirus species. This technique can be potentially applied to detect baculoviruses in insects collected in the field, as well as to plant tissues and the excrements or bodies of predators without need for sequencing the PCR products. Sometimes MSSCP can be used not only for species determination but also as an indication of genomic variability which can be related to infectivity.     

Elemental analysis of the edible fruit of Carpobrotus dimidiatus (from Kwazulu-Natal,South Africa) and the influence of soil quality on its elemental uptake

Abstract

Carpobrotus dimidiatus is an indigenous South African medicinal plant species from the Aizoaceae family that bears edible fruit that is consumed for nutritional value. In this study, the elemental distribution in C. dimidiatus fruit and growth soil from fifteen sites in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) was determined along with soil pH, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity, to assess for nutritional value and the effect of soil quality on elemental uptake. The results showed elemental concentrations in fruit to be in decreasing order of Ca (6235–32755?mg kg^?1) > Mg (2250–5262?mg kg^?1) > Fe?>?Mn?>?Zn (20.9–50.6?mg kg^?1) > Cu (3.83–20.6?mg kg^?1) > Pb?>?Cr?>?Cd?>?As?～?Co?～?Ni?～?Se and no potential health risk due to metal toxicity from average consumption. For sites that had high levels of Cd and Pb, bioaccumulation occurred from atmospheric deposition. Concentrations of elements in soil were found to be in decreasing order of Fe (1059–63747?mg kg^?1) > Ca (1048–41475?mg kg^?1) > Mg?>?Mn (9.76–174?mg kg^?1) > Cr (1.55–135?mg kg^?1) > Zn (0.76–58.2?mg kg^?1) > Se?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Pb?>?Co?>?As?～?Cd with no evidence of heavy metal contamination. This study revealed that the plant inherently controlled uptake of essential elements according to physiological needs and that the concentrations of essential elements in the fruit could contribute positively to the diet.     

张家口地区枯水期地下水水化学特征及其成因机制分析

为更好支撑首都水源涵养功能区和生态环境支撑区建设,开展张家口地区枯水期地下水水化学特征及其形成机制研究,对地下水资源合理开发利用具有重要参考意义.采集41组地下水样品,运用描述性统计分析、Piper三线图、相关性分析、Gibbs图及离子比值等方法,分析了研究区地下水水化学类型、组成特征和控制因素.结果表明,研究区地下水整体呈弱碱性,总硬度变化范围为105.00~1 433.00 mg·L^-1,ρ（TDS）变化范围在137.00~2 286.00 mg·L^-1,坝上地区地下水中总硬度和TDS质量浓度均高于坝下地区.研究区地下水中HCO₃^-和Na⁺为主要优势阴、阳离子.地下水中主要组分超标率最高的为总硬度,超标率为36.59%,坝上地区地下水中各组分的超标率和最大超标倍数均大于坝下地区.研究区地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca·Mg·Na型为主,坝上地区和坝下地区水化学类型差异较小,SO₄^2-、Cl^-、HCO₃^-、Na⁺和Mg²⁺对TDS的贡献最大.地下水水化学特征受盐岩、钠长石和白云岩等岩石矿物风化溶滤作用、阳离子交换作用和人类活动的共同影响,蒸发结晶和大气降水对研究区地下水主要离子来源贡献较小.坝上地区地下水受人类活动影响要大于坝下地区,其中NO₃^-主要来源于农业活动.     

SDF絮凝剂的研制及在印染废水处理中的应用

以甲醛、二氰胺为主要原料,氯化铵为催化剂及一定量的助剂研制出SDF阳离子絮凝剂.对模拟废水和工业废水的处理结果表明,在最佳操作条件下,SDF絮凝剂对工业印染废水和模拟印染废水均有理想的处理效果,脱色率和CODcr去除率超过95%和75%,在和其他絮凝剂比较时,SDF絮凝剂的综合性能明显优于聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)等絮凝剂.     

离子色谱法测定水中主要阳离子

报导了水中阳离子Ｌｉ＾＋，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｋ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋的离子色谱分析及其分析精密度，准确性和线性范围。与阴离子组分同时测定用于水中离子总量的分析，获得满意结果。     

基于灰度的生物炭pH值与N和K离子吸附研究

通过固定床石英管热解装置将稻壳、木薯秸秆及玉米秸秆在350、450、500、550、600℃进行充分热解制备生物炭,利用图像识别技术获得生物炭的RGB值（红、绿、蓝三个通道的颜色）及相应的灰度值,研究了生物炭灰度值与其水溶液中的pH值及阳离子（NH₄⁺-N及K⁺-K）吸附性能的关系.结果表明：3种生物炭的pH值随着灰度值的增加呈现“S”型增长趋势,并符合DoseResp模型,回归方程的决定系数（R²）分别为0.9766、0.9592和0.9219,残差平方和（RSS）均小于0.01;除玉米秸秆炭的K⁺-K吸附量与灰度值的关系为线性负相关外,3种生物炭的NH₄⁺-N和K⁺-K吸附量与灰度值之间满足一元高次非线性模型,R²范围在0.8595~0.9999.本研究为快速预测生物炭在水溶液中的pH值和阳离子吸附性能提供了理论基础.     

四种植物材料对废水中铅离子的吸附特征

为解决重金属废水处理问题,寻找高效低成本的生物吸附剂,本文选用了野菊杆（Dendranthema indicum, DI）、艾杆（Artemisia argyi, AA）、薄荷杆（Mentha haplocalyx, MH）和柠檬皮（Citrus limon, CL）四种植物材料对水中铅离子进行吸附研究。并利用SEM、BET和FTIR对材料进行表征,探讨了吸附剂投加量、溶液初始pH和共存阳离子对吸附量的影响。结果表明,四种材料对模拟废水中铅的吸附量随投加量的增加呈对数下降（P<0.05）;随初始pH的升高,四种材料呈现先增加后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势。准一级动力学能更好地描述野菊杆对Pb²⁺的动力学吸附过程,准二级动力学能更好描述艾杆、薄荷杆和柠檬皮对Pb²⁺的动力学吸附过程。野菊杆和艾杆对铅的吸附是以化学吸附为主的单层吸附,符合Langmuir模型;薄荷杆和柠檬皮对铅的吸附过程主要为不规则的多分子层吸附,更符合Freundlich模型。共存阳离子Mg²⁺、Cu²⁺、Al³⁺与Pb²⁺产生竞争吸附,显著降低材料对Pb²⁺的吸附量（P<0.05）。四种植物材料吸附性能大小顺序为薄荷杆 > 艾杆 > 柠檬皮 > 野菊杆。因此,四种植物材料是吸附废水中铅离子的潜在材料。