几种土壤的基本理化性质与Cu2+吸附的关系

研究了大冶市几种类型土壤的基本性质及与Cu2+吸附的关系,结果表明,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随其CEC值(记为CEC)而变化,供试土壤的Cu2+吸附量由大到小的顺序为石灰土→水稻土→潮土→棕红壤.加入铜浓度为5 mmol·L-1时11个土壤对铜的吸附量x((mol·g-1)与CEC的直线相关方程为x(Cu2+) = 2.018×CEC + 24.4 (r=0.7066).而影响CEC的因素,如Ph、粘粒含量及其组成、有机质、比表面等,也是决定Cu2+吸附量的重要因素.     

磷酸盐对土壤中外源钕交换态及生物有效性的影响

用放射性同位素¹⁴⁷Nd示踪法,以pH8.2的NaAe为土壤中交换态N的提取剂,研究了磷酸盐对土壤中外源Nd的交换态及生物有效性的影响.结果表明,无论磷酸盐存在与否,加入土壤中的Nd 99.5%以上均被吸附.磷酸盐对稀土离子具有较强的沉淀作用,能够降低土壤中交换态Nd的含量,在实验中发现,KH₂PO₄在0.3g·kg^-1～1.5g·^-1范围内土壤中交换态Nd含量无明显变化.另外实验表明磷酸盐还具有降低小麦对Nd吸收的作用,分析得出土壤中交换态Nd浓度与小麦幼苗中Nd含量存在显著相关性.     

泾河中游将军村全新世剖面中钾素的地球化学特征及古气候意义

通过对泾河中游将军村全新世黄土地层中钾素、低频质量磁化率、频率磁化率、Rb/Sr与年代学综合分析,着重探讨了黄土中钾素的地球化学特征及其所揭示的古气候变化。研究表明：（1）速效钾、缓效钾具有很明显的古气候指示意义,可作为衡量东亚夏季风强弱的一种敏感参数或代用指标,并且对微弱的古气侯波动反映更灵敏。（2）近万年来将军村剖面所经历的古气候变化特征：早全新世（11.20—8.05 ka BP）气候逐渐趋于相对暖湿,但气候冷干/暖湿波动频繁交替;中全新世（8.05—3.10 ka BP）气候适宜;晚全新世前期（3.10—2.00 ka BP）气候偏凉干;晚全新世后期（2.00 ka BP—至今）气候再度转为偏暖湿。（3）将军村剖面全新世气候适宜期是渐变形成的,但大暖期却在约3.10 ka BP时以气候突变形式终结。     

阴、阳离子影响离子液体溶解甲烷性能的研究进展

煤矿抽采出的低浓度瓦斯直接排空不仅浪费清洁能源而且加剧温室效应。离子液体(IL)是近年来用于气体分离的热点研究对象。综述了利用IL分离气体,特别在溶解CH_4气体方面的研究进展,归纳了具有高效溶解CH4能力的IL结构特征,以及阴阳离子对IL溶解CH_4的影响规律。分析结果表明CH_4在大部分ILs中的溶解度较小;与咪唑类ILs相比,阴离子为[FAP]~-、[doc]~-、[Tf_2N]~-、[TMPP]~-,阳离子取代链为长烷烃的季膦类和季胺类ILs具有更强的溶解CH_4的能力。特别是[P4444][TMPP]和[P(14)666][TMPP]对CH_4表现出优越的溶解性,可考虑用这2种ILs存储CH_4。至于两者能否用于浓缩CH_4,还需实验测试[P4444][TMPP]和[P(14)666][TMPP]溶解CO_2和N_2的情况,以及对溶解过程的影响。     

脱硫石膏改良中度苏打盐渍土施用量的研究

采用盆栽试验和田间试验相结合的方法,通过种植油葵(Helianthus annus),进行了脱硫石膏施用量的试验.结果表明,施用脱硫石膏能够有效降低土壤碱化度、总碱度和pH值,但却增加了土壤全盐量;施用脱硫石膏可显著提高油葵出苗率和产量,但施用量过高会抑制油葵的生长发育.施用11 250 kg·hm-2脱硫石膏对中度苏打盐渍土改良效果最佳,最有利于油葵的生长发育,耕作层土壤碱化度、总碱度和pH值分别降至6%、0.2 cmol·kg-1和8.5以下,油葵出苗率达到70%以上,田间试验中油葵产量高达2 031 kg·hm-2,与不施脱硫石膏处理相比,增产率达到16.2%.     

不同阳离子对Fe~0还原硝酸盐的影响

由于水中硝酸盐污染的普遍性、难去除性和对人体健康的潜在危害性而引起人们的广泛关注。通过批实验,考察了不同阳离子(Fe2+、Fe3+和Cu2+)对Fe0还原硝酸盐的影响。结果表明,由于加入阳离子可直接或间接地增加溶液中的Fe2+而都能促进硝酸盐的还原,作用顺序为Fe3+Fe2+Cu2+;Fe2+对硝酸盐的还原具有重要作用,并随着反应的进行,转化为铁氧化物附着在铁表面而降低铁的活性;硝酸盐还原的主要产物为氨氮,亚硝酸盐只在反应初期有少量积累,尤其是加Cu2+的体系中,但随后都很快降低;在所有体系中,检测到的三氮(NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N)之和只占理论总氮的51.5%~82.6%;动力学分析表明,硝酸盐的还原在不加阳离子的体系中更符合一级反应,而加了阳离子的处理更符合Lo-gistic模型。本研究结果阐明了Fe2+对Fe0还原硝酸盐的重要性。     

线性判别分析对舟山海洋站降水中常量阳离子含量的年度、季节特征分析

通过对舟山站点2002/2003年度降水中的6种常量阳离子H⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺近2a的连续观测,采用稳健统计分析对浓度范围及变化趋势进行了描述.利用线性判别分析对实验数据进行降维处理,得到线性判别曲面,对样本点在新正规变量空间的时间性分布特征进行了描述,依据正规变量的线性组合,解释了决定该样本点时间性特征分布的主要阳离子影响因素,并对造成异常样品点的影响因素进行了分析.     

Effect of background electrolytes on the adsorption of nitroaromaticcompounds onto bentonite

To further elucidate interaction of nitroaromatic compounds with mineral surface, the sorption of m-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB) andnitrobenzene to original bentonite in aqueous solution containing di erent electrolytes (i.e., KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2 and Tetramethylammoniumbromide (TMAB)) was studied. The sorption of m-DNB was greatly enhanced with the presence of KCl and NH4Cl,while little influence was observed with CaCl2 and TMAB, following the order of KCl > NH4Cl TMAB, CaCl2, or DI water.For nitrobenzene, sorption enhancement only occurred at high nitrobenzene concentrations in the presence of KCl, and the soluteequilibrium concentration at inflexion point was lowered with increasing KCl concentration. These sorption enhancements weresignificantly promoted with the increase of electrolyte concentration. The salting-out e ect is insu cient to account for the sorptionenhancement by original bentonite with increasing KCl or NH4Cl concentration. X-ray di raction patterns of bentonite suspensionsindicated that the sorption enhancement of m-DNB was attributed to the intercalation of K+ or NH4+ into bentonite interlayer andthen dehydration with m-DNB to form inner-sphere complexes, which caused previously expanded bentonite interlayers to collapse inaqueous suspension, thus further enhanced the interaction of phenyl with siloxane surface. In comparison, the sorption enhancementof NB is attributed to the formation of outer-sphere complexes with K+ at high solute-loadings (> 200–400 mg/kg). The sorption ofm-DNB to initially modified TMA+-bentonite and K+-bentonite was almost the same as respective sorption to original bentonite insolution containing TMA+ and K+.     

阴极电极面积和膜面积对H型MFCs产电能力的影响

以生活污水为底物,碳棒作电极,构建H型瓶式微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs),研究了阴极电极面积和膜面积对电池产电能力的影响.阳极以厌氧污泥作接种体,两室分隔物使用阳离子交换膜(cation exchange membrane,CEM),阳极不使用中介体,阴极使用无催化剂的普通碳电极....     

Fenuron sorption on homoionic natural and modified smectites

Abstract

The adsorption isotherms of fenuron (l, l‐dimethyl‐3‐phenylurea) on three smectites (SWy and SAz montmorillonites and SH hectorite) differing in their layer charge (SH<SWy<SAz) and saturated with several inorganic and organic cations were determined. The isotherms and sorption parameters from Freundlich equation indicate low adsorptivity on inorganic clays, but medium sorption in organoclays (OCls). Fenuron adsorption on homoionic smectites increases with decreasing layer charge and hydratation power of the inorganic exchangeable cation (except Fe³⁺), indicating that fenuron adsorbs as neutral molecule on uncharged siloxane surface by hydrophobic bonding, with some contribution of polar bond (fenuron C=O group and water associated to exchangeable cation). In the case of Fe³⁺‐saturated smectite fenuron protonation, provided by the interlayer acidic environment, promotes further sorption of fenuron as cationic form. The sorption on organoclays is enhanced via hydrophobic interaction with organocations, which is favoured for high layer charge and basal spacing and organocation saturation close to CEC. Quaternary alkylamonium is more efficient in high layer charge smectite, whereas primary alkylammonium is more efficient in medium charge smectite. The low values of the maximum sorption obtained with homoionic inorganic and organic smectites (100 and 5000 μmol/Kg) represent one fenuron molecule for each 2000–200 exchange sites and indicate that fenuron sorption is mainly associated to the outer exchange sites. This low adsorptivity of fenuron, as consequence of its high water affinity (high water solubility) would suggest high mobility of fenuron in natural soil and water systems.