Spatial characteristics analysis by PCR-DGGE for bacterial communities in surface sediments of Tangxi River,Hefei City北大核心CSCD

Microbes play an important role in material circulation and pollutant release in urban sediments, and its community structure can provide an important basis for evaluating the pollution load and ecosystem health of an urban river. In this study, bacterial communities in sediments from different locations of Tangxi River in Anhui Province were analyzed and compared, with an objective of evaluating the effects of aquatic environment on spatial characteristics of bacterial communities and the feasibility of using bacterial community composition as an indicator of urban river health. PCR-DGGE was applied to analyze the bacterial communities; fifteen major bands of 16S rDNA genes fragments from DGGE profiles of sediment samples were further eluted from gel, reamplified and sequenced. The sequences of these fragments were compared with the database in GenBank (NCBI). The collected samples were clustered based on UPGM Aanalysis. In addition, relationships between bacterial communities and environmental factors were analyzed by Monte Carlo test and redundancy analysis (RDA). The DGGE profiles indicated that upstream surface sediments had about 30 bands, but the differences in brightness were not significant. Although midstream surface sediments had only 18 bands on average, the brightness of some bands was relatively high, indicating that some dominant species of bacteria existed in these sediments. The amounts of bands in downstream sediments were between those of upstream and midstream, with some bands of high brightness. The NCBI comparison results showed that ten sequences shared 98-100% homology with known sequences, one with 97%, and the other four with uncultured bacteria. Shannon index (H) of bacterial diversity from upstream surface sediments was 3.31 on average, which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of midstream surface sediments, and slightly higher than that of downstream surface sediments. UPGMA results showed both the distribution of bacteria communities and the diversity were strongly related with the sampling locations (Eigenvalue = 0.188, P = 0.134). Monte Carlo test and RDA analysis showed that the ion exchangeable form of nitrogen (IEF-N) was the main factor influencing the spatial characteristics of bacterial communities in the sediments. The aquatic plants had a significant effect on the richness of bacterial communities in the sediments, and the effectiveness of plant species was more notable than that of the vegetation coverage. The above results indicated that bacterial community structure and diversity in the surface sediments can well reflect the degree of urbanization development and effectiveness of ecological restoration in Tangxi River region.     

阴极电极面积和膜面积对H型MFCs产电能力的影响

以生活污水为底物,碳棒作电极,构建H型瓶式微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs),研究了阴极电极面积和膜面积对电池产电能力的影响.阳极以厌氧污泥作接种体,两室分隔物使用阳离子交换膜(cation exchange membrane,CEM),阳极不使用中介体,阴极使用无催化剂的普通碳电极....     

CTMAB-膨润土去除水中有机物的性能及机理

用溴化十六烷基三甲铵（CTMAB）改性膨润土,研究了CTMAB膨润土去除水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、硝基苯、苯胺、苯酚、对硝基苯酚的性能、机理及影响因素。结果表明,CTMAB-膨润土去除水中有机物的能力远大于原土;CTMAB-膨润土对苯、甲苯、乙苯的等温吸附曲线呈线性;对水中苯酚、对硝基苯酚的等温吸附曲线呈非线性;对苯胺、硝基苯的等温吸附曲线基本呈线性。CTMAB-膨润土吸附水中有机物的性能及机理与有机物的水溶性或辛醇－水分配系数有关。     

脱硫石膏改良中度苏打盐渍土施用量的研究

采用盆栽试验和田间试验相结合的方法,通过种植油葵(Helianthus annus),进行了脱硫石膏施用量的试验.结果表明,施用脱硫石膏能够有效降低土壤碱化度、总碱度和pH值,但却增加了土壤全盐量;施用脱硫石膏可显著提高油葵出苗率和产量,但施用量过高会抑制油葵的生长发育.施用11 250 kg·hm-2脱硫石膏对中度苏打盐渍土改良效果最佳,最有利于油葵的生长发育,耕作层土壤碱化度、总碱度和pH值分别降至6%、0.2 cmol·kg-1和8.5以下,油葵出苗率达到70%以上,田间试验中油葵产量高达2 031 kg·hm-2,与不施脱硫石膏处理相比,增产率达到16.2%.     

FCC废催化剂对水中铜(Ⅱ)的吸附

利用FCC（流化催化裂化）废催化剂吸附去除废水中的Cu²⁺,考察了振荡时间、温度和pH值对Cu²⁺在FCC废催化剂上吸附效果的影响,探讨了吸附机理,并对连续吸附及吸附剂可再生性作了考察。结果表明,振荡时间、温度及pH值对Cu²⁺的吸附效果影响较大．Cu²⁺在FCC废催化剂上的吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir模式,吸附呈单分子层形式且易进行,吸附机理是靠静电引力发生交换吸附及化学键力形成羟基络合物而吸附。结果还表明,Cu²⁺的连续吸附操作可行,吸附剂易于再生。     

水溶性磺化聚苯乙烯在阳离子染料废水处理中的应用

本文采用水溶性磺化聚苯乙烯（ＰＳＳＡ）的助剂,用硫酸铝作混凝剂,对系列含典型阳离子染料垢模拟废水进行脱色试验。试验结果表明：ＰＳＳＡ分子具有较强的助凝作用,令带正电荷的染料离子大量集结于ＰＳＳＡ分子链周围而形成新的聚集体,这些聚集在硫酸铝或碱式氯化铝的作用下会进一步发生凝聚,在控制水溶液中的ｐＨ值接近于７的情况下,硫酸铝絮凝作用使含有染料离子的凝聚体形成钒花,该矾花可经静置沉淀或离心分离而被除去。     

不同阳离子对Fe~0还原硝酸盐的影响

由于水中硝酸盐污染的普遍性、难去除性和对人体健康的潜在危害性而引起人们的广泛关注。通过批实验,考察了不同阳离子(Fe2+、Fe3+和Cu2+)对Fe0还原硝酸盐的影响。结果表明,由于加入阳离子可直接或间接地增加溶液中的Fe2+而都能促进硝酸盐的还原,作用顺序为Fe3+Fe2+Cu2+;Fe2+对硝酸盐的还原具有重要作用,并随着反应的进行,转化为铁氧化物附着在铁表面而降低铁的活性;硝酸盐还原的主要产物为氨氮,亚硝酸盐只在反应初期有少量积累,尤其是加Cu2+的体系中,但随后都很快降低;在所有体系中,检测到的三氮(NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N)之和只占理论总氮的51.5%~82.6%;动力学分析表明,硝酸盐的还原在不加阳离子的体系中更符合一级反应,而加了阳离子的处理更符合Lo-gistic模型。本研究结果阐明了Fe2+对Fe0还原硝酸盐的重要性。     

Fenuron sorption on homoionic natural and modified smectites

Abstract

The adsorption isotherms of fenuron (l, l‐dimethyl‐3‐phenylurea) on three smectites (SWy and SAz montmorillonites and SH hectorite) differing in their layer charge (SH<SWy<SAz) and saturated with several inorganic and organic cations were determined. The isotherms and sorption parameters from Freundlich equation indicate low adsorptivity on inorganic clays, but medium sorption in organoclays (OCls). Fenuron adsorption on homoionic smectites increases with decreasing layer charge and hydratation power of the inorganic exchangeable cation (except Fe³⁺), indicating that fenuron adsorbs as neutral molecule on uncharged siloxane surface by hydrophobic bonding, with some contribution of polar bond (fenuron C=O group and water associated to exchangeable cation). In the case of Fe³⁺‐saturated smectite fenuron protonation, provided by the interlayer acidic environment, promotes further sorption of fenuron as cationic form. The sorption on organoclays is enhanced via hydrophobic interaction with organocations, which is favoured for high layer charge and basal spacing and organocation saturation close to CEC. Quaternary alkylamonium is more efficient in high layer charge smectite, whereas primary alkylammonium is more efficient in medium charge smectite. The low values of the maximum sorption obtained with homoionic inorganic and organic smectites (100 and 5000 μmol/Kg) represent one fenuron molecule for each 2000–200 exchange sites and indicate that fenuron sorption is mainly associated to the outer exchange sites. This low adsorptivity of fenuron, as consequence of its high water affinity (high water solubility) would suggest high mobility of fenuron in natural soil and water systems.     

红壤地区镁肥对作物的效应

土壤交换性镁量愈低,镁肥对作物的增产效果愈显著。作物地上部含镁量和吸镁量也决定于交换性镁量大小;交换性镁水平与含镁量和吸镁量呈显著正相关。因此,土壤交换性镁能较好地反映土壤镁素对作物的有效性。此外,作物对镁肥的反应还受土壤交换性钾和钾肥施用的影响。当土壤交换性镁低于５０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ~（－１）,交换性 Ｋ／Ｍｇ比大于 １．３时,施用镁肥效果明显。     

不同生物炭对酸性农田土壤性质和作物产量的动态影响

为研究不同原料生物炭对农田土壤酸度、交换性能、磷素养分以及作物产量的综合动态影响,试验设置空白（CK）、水稻秸秆生物炭（RSB）、玉米秸秆生物炭（MSB）、小麦秸秆生物炭（WSB）、稻壳生物炭（RHB）和竹炭（BCB）这6种处理,生物炭按质量分数0.1%施入农田进行长期定点试验,测定水稻、油菜和玉米这3季作物产量和作物收割后的土壤理化性质.结果表明,添加不同原料生物炭可有效提高土壤pH和交换性能,降低交换性酸含量,作用效果随时间下降.生物炭对盐基离子组成的影响为提高交换性K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量,降低Na⁺含量.生物炭能不同程度地增加土壤有机质（SOM）、速效磷、总磷和无机磷（Al-P和Fe-P）含量,作物产量较当季对照显著提高（P<0.05）,稻壳生物炭在改良酸性土壤理化性质和提高作物产量方面效果较好.