不锈钢纤维毡改性材料的制备及在微生物燃料电池中的应用

为制备一种导电性高、生物相容性良好且耐腐蚀的阳极材料,提高微生物燃料电池(MFC)的产电性能,以不锈钢纤维毡(SSFF)为基底,采用水热反应法制备了还原氧化石墨烯/不锈钢纤维毡(RGO/SSFF),并进一步采用粉体烧结法将纳米二氧化钛(TiO₂)负载至RGO/SSFF,制备了二氧化钛/还原氧化石墨烯/不锈钢纤维毡(TiO₂/RGO/SSFF),将SSFF(对照)、RGO/SSFF和TiO₂/RGO/SSFF分别作为MFC的阳极(对应的MFC分别命名为MFC-CK、MFC-RG和MFC-TRG)以探究改性材料对MFC去除水体中耗氧有机物和产电性能的影响。结果表明：与SSFF相比,RGO/SSFF和TiO₂/RGO/SSFF具有更大的电容(Q为413.9 mF和446.9 mF),更小的界面转移电阻(R_ct为19.65 Ω和18.16 Ω),更高的交换电流密度(i₀为1.56×10⁻⁵ mA和2.07×10⁻⁴ mA);MFC-TRG对水体COD去除速率最高可达929.62 mg·(L·d)⁻¹;MFC-RG和MFC-TRG稳定输出电压分别为245 mV和280 mV,比MFC-CK提高了88.5%和115.4%;MFC-RG和MFC-TRG的功率密度输出分别为 337.50 mW·m⁻²和472.03 mW·m⁻²,比MFC-CK提高了163.9%和233.9%。由此可知,改性后的RGO/SSFF和TiO₂/RGO/SSFF阳极成功提高了MFC的产电性能。该研究结果可为后续MFC阳极改性研究提供参考。     

絮凝-电解氧化联合处理氰化提金废水

采用絮凝-电解氧化联合技术处理氰化废水,主要研究了聚硅酸铝铁 (PSAF) 添加量、絮凝时间、pH、电压、电解时间、极板间距对总氰(CN_T)、游离氰(CN⁻)、Cu、Zn离子去除率的影响,并对其反应机制做了分析。研究表明,当PSAF添加量为2 g·L⁻¹,絮凝时间为30 min,pH为9条件下,CN_T、CN⁻、Zn、Cu离子的去除率分别可达42.97%、100%、84.40%、34.88%。Zn(CN)₄²⁻、Cu(CN)₃²⁻、CN⁻的吸附量分别为567.88、89.76、439.74 mg·L⁻¹。以钛板为阴极,石墨板为阳极,采用一阴两阳体系对絮凝后液进行电解氧化实验,在电压为3 V、电解时间为2 h、极板间距为10 mm条件下,CN_T、CN⁻、Zn、Cu离子的去除率可达91.70%、100%、99.15%、94.49%。絮凝过程中Zn(CN)₄²⁻、Cu(CN)₃²⁻、CN⁻的去除是由电荷中和和化学吸附共同作用的,其中电荷中和起主要作用。Zn(CN)₄²⁻、Cu(CN)₃²⁻、CN^-的化学吸附主要归因于其与PSAF水解产生的羟基阳离子发生交换反应。XRD分析表明,加入酸性絮凝剂PSAF的瞬间,部分Zn(CN)₄^2-反应为Zn(CN)₂沉淀。电解氧化过程中Zn(CN)₄²⁻、Cu(CN)₃²⁻破络释放的氰根会被阳极表面产生的O₂、·OH完全氧化为N₂和CO₂,Zn、Cu离子在阴极板电沉积而被去除。     

基于响应曲面法优化的臭氧/过硫酸盐/四氧化三铁工艺对结晶紫的降解

为有效去除水中结晶紫,利用臭氧/过硫酸盐/四氧化三铁工艺对结晶紫的氧化效果进行研究,设计单因素实验探索臭氧流量、过硫酸盐浓度、四氧化三铁浓度和pH对结晶紫降解的影响,依据响应曲面法的Box-Behnken Design(BBD)实验设计原理,探究臭氧流量、过硫酸盐浓度、四氧化三铁浓度和反应时间对降解效果的影响,并优化工艺参数;使用SEM-EDS、FT-IR和Raman表征了反应前后的四氧化三铁,并用EPR技术直接鉴定出工艺过程中的活性氧。结果表明：此工艺在较宽的pH区间(3~11)都具有较高的结晶紫降解能力,臭氧流量、过硫酸盐浓度和四氧化三铁浓度与结晶紫的降解率成正比;臭氧流量1.000 L·min⁻¹,过硫酸盐浓度0.968 mmol·L⁻¹,四氧化三铁浓度2.158 mmol·L⁻¹,反应时间41.702 min为预测的最佳工艺条件;在最佳工艺条件下得到的实际降解率与预测降解率相对偏差仅为−1.12%;催化反应后Fe₃O₄粒径减小,表面变得更加光滑;反应后的Fe₃O₄的铁元素质量分数由48.24％降至35.31%,而氧和硫元素质量分数由34.05%和0.39%分别增至37.59%和1.09%;臭氧/过硫酸盐/四氧化三铁工艺过程中存在SO₄^·–和·OH。由此可知,BBD优化模型预测与实际处理效果基本一致。该研究成果为可为难降解的结晶紫废水的深度处理提供参考。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液物化深度处理研究

通过Fenton法和结合聚合硫酸铁的混凝作用,实现垃圾渗滤液氧化塘出水COD的深度处理;并利用水泥水化产物的凝胶物质,强化COD去除率。30％H2O2投加量为0．75mL／L、七水硫酸亚铁投加量为1．5g／L、n（H2O2）：n（Fe^2＋）=1．2：1（摩尔比）时,Fenton法对渗滤液COD的去除率可达52％;水灰比为2：1、搅拌24h的水泥水化物将Fenton法的出水pH值从4调至10,该工艺流程总的COD去除率为73．6％,较普通的Ca（OH）2调节法提高9．3％,出水COD可以从进水的1200mg／L降至315mg／L。     

Ecotoxicity of nanoparticles of CuO and ZnO in natural water

The acute toxicity of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles in artificial freshwater (AFW) and in natural waters to crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus and protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila was compared. The L(E)C₅₀ values of nanoCuO for both crustaceans in natural water ranged from 90 to 224 mg Cu/l and were about 10-fold lower than L(E)C₅₀ values of bulk CuO. In all test media, the L(E)C₅₀ values for both bulk and nanoZnO (1.1-16 mg Zn/l) were considerably lower than those of nanoCuO. The natural waters remarkably (up to 140-fold) decreased the toxicity of nanoCuO (but not that of nanoZnO) to crustaceans depending mainly on the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The toxicity of both nanoCuO and nanoZnO was mostly due to the solubilised ions as determined by specific metal-sensing bacteria.     

二氧化钛载银抗菌剂的研究进展

介绍了二氧化钛系和银系无机抗菌剂在国内外的研究现状、杀菌机理以及存在的问题,论述了二氧化钛载银改性杀菌材料的最新进展,并就其研究开发亟需解决的关键问题提出了可行性建议。     

Integrated analysis of the effects of agricultural management on nitrogen fluxes at landscape scale

The integrated modelling system INITIATOR was applied to a landscape in the northern part of the Netherlands to assess current nitrogen fluxes to air and water and the impact of various agricultural measures on these fluxes, using spatially explicit input data on animal numbers, land use, agricultural management, meteorology and soil. Average model results on NH₃ deposition and N concentrations in surface water appear to be comparable to observations, but the deviation can be large at local scale, despite the use of high resolution data. Evaluated measures include: air scrubbers reducing NH₃ emissions from poultry and pig housing systems, low protein feeding, reduced fertilizer amounts and low-emission stables for cattle. Low protein feeding and restrictive fertilizer application had the largest effect on both N inputs and N losses, resulting in N deposition reductions on Natura 2000 sites of 10% and 12%, respectively.     

电厂低负荷下V-W/TiO2基NH3-SCR催化剂的低温改性

在不改变工业催化剂制备工艺的基础上,通过改性提高工业V-W/TiO2催化剂的低温活性。实验采用浸渍法,通过添加磷酸以及氧化铈来改性工业V-W/TiO2催化剂,探讨了新型低温SCR催化剂的脱硝活性。并通过比表面积测试（BET）,X射线衍射实验（XRD）,吡啶红外实验,程序升温还原（H2-TPR）等技术对催化剂理化性能进行表征。研究结果表明,1%磷酸添加量使催化剂表面的B酸以及弱酸含量大量增加,使催化剂向低温端降低了30 ℃;同时,在添加1%磷酸的基础上,添加不同含量氧化铈,提高催化剂的氧化还原性,发现添加8%氧化铈,使催化剂氧化还原性能显著增强,转化温度向低温再次降低了40 ℃。通过添加磷酸和氧化铈,使V-W/TiO2催化剂80%转化温度从280 ℃降至220 ℃,同时具备了高抗硫抗水性。     

微波耦合氯化铁调理对活性污泥脱水性能及热值的影响

为实现活性污泥高效脱水和资源化利用,研究了微波耦合氯化铁调理活性污泥。主要考察微波耦合氯化铁对活性污泥脱水性能和热值的影响。微波辐射能够改善活性污泥的脱水性能,优化参数为功率700 W、时间100 s。微波耦合氯化铁调理进一步增强了活性污泥的脱水性能,先投加氯化铁后微波辐射的调理（氯化铁+微波）效果优于先微波辐射后投加氯化铁的调理（微波+氯化铁）效果,脱水效果的改善得益于活性污泥絮体的增大以及EPS的减少。微波调理后的活性污泥（干基）热值随着微波辐射时间的增长逐渐降低,而微波耦合氯化铁调理后的活性污泥（干基）热值随着氯化铁投加量的增加先增加后减少。     

Responses of a soil bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 to commercial metal oxide nanoparticles compared with responses to metal ions

The toxicity of commercially-available CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) to pathogenic bacteria was compared for a beneficial rhizosphere isolate, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6. The NPs aggregated, released ions to different extents under the conditions used for bacterial exposure, and associated with bacterial cell surface. Bacterial surface charge was neutralized by NPs, dependent on pH. The CuO NPs were more toxic than the ZnO NPs. The negative surface charge on colloids of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was reduced by Cu ions but not by CuO NPs; the EPS protected cells from CuO NPs-toxicity. CuO NPs-toxicity was eliminated by a Cu ion chelator, suggesting that ion release was involved. Neither NPs released alkaline phosphatase from the cells’ periplasm, indicating minimal outer membrane damage. Accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species was correlated with CuO NPs lethality. Environmental deposition of NPs could create niches for ion release, with impacts on susceptible soil microbes.