NOx分解还原催化研究进展

介绍和评价了ＮＯ_ｘ分解还原的３类催化剂：贵金属催化剂、氧化物催化剂、金属离子置换的分子筛。在ＮＯ_ｘ的碳氢化合物选择性催化还原反应（ＨＣ－ＳＣＲ反应）中,同样有３类催化剂,即金属氧化物、贵金属和分子筛。由于Ｃｕ－ＺＳＭ－５是目前最有希望投入实际使用的一种,故本文重点介绍了它对ＮＯ_ｘ的ＨＣ－ＳＣＲ反应的催化机理,以及温度、Ｏ_２含量、Ｃｕ~（２＋）的置换度、不同种类ＨＣ及ＨＣ含量等各种因素对Ｃｕ－ＺＳＭ－５的影响,并对其工作台试验进行了评价,指出了其存在的问题及当前的研究热点。     

化肥氮素在水稻田中迁移与淋失的模拟研究

为了研究氮化肥施入农田对地表水和地下水的影响 ,在一种特殊的大型人工模拟土层和地下水装置中进行试验。研究结果表明 :即使尿素和生物矿质复混肥以中、低施肥量施入水田 ,也会造成地表淹水、耕层土壤和不同深度土层溶液有较高含量的有机 N和 N H3- N,并对地下水补给状况极差的地下水有明显的污染 ;水田中 N O- 3 - N很难长期存在 ,其污染程度可忽略不计     

The role of daytime cues in the development of magnetic orientation in a night-migrating bird

To assess the role of celestial rotation during daytime in the development of the magnetic compass course, pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas, Muscicapidae) were handraised in Latvia under various celestial and magnetic conditions. Tests were performed during autumn migration in the local geomagnetic field (50 000 nT, 73° inclination) in the absence of celestial cues. A group of birds that had never seen the sky showed a bimodal preference for the migratory southwest-northeast axis, whereas a second group that had been exposed to the natural sky from sunrise to sunset in the local geomagnetic field showed a unimodal preference for the seasonally appropriate southwesterly direction. A third group that had also been exposed to the daytime sky, but in the absence of magnetic compass information, also oriented bimodally along a southwest-northeast axis. These findings demonstrate that observing celestial rotation during daytime enables birds to choose the right end of the migratory axis for autumn migration at the Latvian test location. This transformation of axial behavior into appropriate migratory orientation, however, requires the birds to have simultaneous access to information on both celestial rotation and the geomagnetic field. Received: 19 September 1997 / Accepted after revision: 22 November 1997     

亚铵法制浆黑液作肥料对水环境影响的研究

通过亚铵法制浆蒸煮黑液直接作农肥施于水稻田的研究,给出了不同施肥方式连续数天田间水和渗滤水中黑液污染物变化情况,定量描述了黑液作肥料直接施于水稻田对水环境的影响。     

不同母质发育的水稻土中铁、锰对甲烷排放的影响

盆栽结果表明,不同土壤类型铁、锰含量的差异是造成不同土壤类型间甲烷排放量差异甚大的重要因素之一。土壤中铁、锰通过对土壤氧化还原电位及根膜形成的影响而影响甲烷的排放。     

Emission Inventory for an Industrial Area of India

The paper presents an emission inventory for Cochin, which is a highly industrialized area situated in the southern part of India. A proper emission inventory is very important for planning pollution control programmes, particularly in coastal sites like Cochin, where environmental situations are of growing concern owing to their typical meterorological conditions. In a systematic way the sources are broadly classified as point, line and area sources. The data on emissions from industries, fuel consumption for vehicular and domestic activities along with the respective emission factors are used for estimating the emissions. The study reveals that industrial sources are mainly responsible for emissions of particulate matter, oxides of sulphur and ammonia in the region. Automobiles are the prime sources of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide emitting 95%, 77% and 70% respectively of their total emissions, while the contribution from domestic sources is not very significant.     

蔬菜地土壤有效态重金属提取方法的比较

实地采集土壤进行盆栽试验,研究用5种提取剂提取的土壤有效态重金属含量与大白菜吸收量间的关系。结果表明,采用化学提取方法测得的可提取态重金属含量比重金属总量更能有效预测大白菜吸收的重金属量,并以CaC l2和NH4OAc 2种提取剂最为有效。将土壤重金属总量与pH值2项指标结合起来考虑可较好地预测大白菜对土壤重金属的吸收。     

稻鸭萍共作复合系统的主要生态效应

对稻鸭萍共作体系的主要生态效应研究结果表明,稻鸭萍共作有利于提高土壤肥力,水稻收获后的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾分别比对照增加7.95%、7.05%、6.47%和4.46%;稻鸭萍共作对杂草的控制效果达到98.94%,明显削弱了稻田优势杂草的发生与危害,稻田残存杂草为数甚少,P ielou均匀度指数显著提高;稻鸭萍共作对稻田飞虱有显著的控制效应,从而明显抑制主要由灰飞虱传毒危害的水稻条纹叶枯病的发病率;稻鸭萍共作虽然对水稻纹枯病也有明显防治效果,但不能阻止纹枯病的发生;由于绿萍吸附了稻田水体中部分有机物、腐殖质等,稻鸭萍共作区水体的化学需氧量比稻鸭共作区降低8.70%。     

密云县密云水库流域坡耕地养分流失特征

于2005年和2006年连续2 a对密云水库流域坡耕地进行水土流失小区试验,并完全按照当地农民习惯进行农事管理.试验结果表明:(1)降雨后坡耕地产生的地表径流量、泥沙量随坡度增大而增加,并与坡度正弦值呈一定的线性关系;(2)坡度对雨后地表径流和泥沙中养分含量影响不明显,但对泥沙养分流失量有明显影响;(3)养分流失以泥沙携带为主要途径,且通过泥沙携带途径流失的养分量占流失养分总量的比例随坡度增加而增加;(4)水库周边区域内坡耕地流失养分的主要来源为施用于坡耕地的化学肥料.(5)调整水库流域内坡耕地的种植结构、对坡耕地实施改造以截留或减少泥沙流失和控制化学肥料投入等措施对于治理流域内农业非点源污染、保护水源地水质显得尤为迫切.     

快速监测评估废弃采石场生态恢复的研究

以北京门头沟区典型废弃石灰石矿山为例,通过野外调查、采样和实验室分析,计算得到废弃采石场植被与土壤自然演替之间关系.研究发现,TM影像中废弃采石矿场b3/b4波段比均值与废弃采石场综合恢复指数Irq之间具有较强的相关性,据其回归方程利用遥感手段快速评估计算得到研究区其他废弃采石矿场的综合恢复指数.可见,实地植被 - 土壤调查分析与空间遥感监测技术能够相互验证对采石场生态恢复状态的评估.