粤北三座典型中型水库富营养化与浮游植物群落特征

于2010年丰水期（8月）和枯水期（12月）采集粤北地区3座中型水库（沐溪、苍村和赤石迳水库）的水和浮游植物,分析植物群落与水质,以考察季节性温度差异与鱼类养殖对水库水质和浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,3座水库分别属富营养、中营养和中营养水平,营养盐质量浓度丰水期高于枯水期。共鉴定浮游植物7门56种（属）,群落组成以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主。沐溪水库丰枯两季均以蓝藻为优势类群,其浮游植物丰度和生物量明显高于其余两座水库（p〈0.01）;苍村和赤石迳水库丰水期优势门类均为蓝藻,枯水期均为硅藻。3座水库浮游植物丰度均表现为丰水期高于枯水期,生物量则枯水期高于丰水期,但均无显著性差异（p〉0.05）。RDA（冗余分析）结果表明,透明度、总氮和悬浮物是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因素;其中,沐溪水库的营养盐和悬浮物与浮游植物群落正相关,苍村和赤石迳水库浮游植物群落则与水深和透明度正相关;温度对浮游植物群落的影响主要体现在种类组成的季节差异上。营养盐和优势种类的季节差异造成了浮游植物丰度和生物量在丰水期和枯水期的不一致。聚类分析将不同季节的3座水库分为2个类区,非养鱼水库苍村和赤石迳水库为第一类区,养鱼的沐溪水库为第二类区。沐溪水库库区内发展鱼类养殖业为浮游植物提供了高质量浓度营养盐（尤其是总磷）,即使在温度较低的冬季仍支持蓝藻种类的优势性。     

Effects of Customary Marine Closures on Fish Behavior,Spear‐Fishing Success,and Underwater Visual Surveys

Abstract: Customary management systems (i.e., management systems that limit the use of marine resources), such as rotational fisheries closures, can limit harvest of resources. Nevertheless, the explicit goals of customary management are often to influence fish behavior (in particular flight distance, i.e., distance at which an organism begins to flee an approaching threat), rather than fish abundance. We explored whether the flight distance of reef fishes targeted by local artisanal fishers differed between a customary closure and fished reefs. We also examined whether flight distance of these species affected fishing success and accuracy of underwater visual census (UVC) between customary closed areas and areas open to fishing. Several species demonstrated significant differences in flight distance between areas, indicating that fishing activity may increase flight distance. These relatively long flight distances mean that in fished areas most target species may stay out of the range of spear fishers. In addition, mean flight distances for all species both inside and outside the customary‐closure area were substantially smaller than the observation distance of an observer conducting a belt‐transect UVC (mean [SE]= 8.8 m [0.48]). For targeted species that showed little ability to evade spear fishers, customary closures may be a vital management technique. Our results show that customary closures can have a substantial, positive effect on resource availability and that conventional UVC techniques may be insensitive to changes in flight behavior of fishes associated with fishing. We argue that short, periodic openings of customary closures may allow the health of the fish community to be maintained and local fishers to effectively harvest fishes.     

Viability Analysis of Reef Fish Populations Based on Limited Demographic Information

Abstract:  Marine protected areas (MPAs) that allow some degree of artisanal fishing have been proposed to control the overexploitation of marine resources while allowing extraction by local communities. Nevertheless, the management of MPAs is often impaired by the absence of data on the status of their resources. We devised a method to estimate population growth rates with the type of data that are usually available for reef fishes. We used 7 years of spatially explicit abundance data on the leopard grouper ( Mycteroperca rosacea ) in an MPA in the Gulf of California, Mexico, to construct a matrix population model that incorporated the effects of El Niño/La Niña Southern Oscillation on population dynamics. An environmental model that estimated different demographic estimates for El Niño and La Niña periods performed better than a single-environment model, and a single-habitat model performed better than a model that considered different depths as different habitats. Our results suggest that the population of the leopard grouper off the main island of the MPA is not viable under present conditions. Although the impact of fishing on leopard grouper populations in the MPA has not yet been established, fishing should be closed as a precautionary measure at this island if a priority of the MPA is to ensure the sustainability of its fish populations.     

基于不同评估方法的养殖池塘富营养化环境成本研究——以上海青浦地区常规鱼类养殖池塘为例

采用物料平衡法、置换成本法、条件价值评估法（CVM）和COD价格法对池塘养殖环境成本进行评估。结果显示,基于4种评估方法估算得到的池塘养殖环境成本由大到小依次为置换成本法（4 400元.a-1.hm-2）、COD价格法（4 191.99元.a-1.hm-2）、物料平衡法（3 925.76元.a-1.hm-2）和CVM法（2 007.8元.a-1.hm-2）,认为在不考虑时间和经济成本的前提下,基于COD价格法测算得到的结果可能最接近于环境成本的真实值。采用4种评估方法测得的环境成本占常规鱼类养殖经济总收益的6%～14%,表明采取相关措施防治水产养殖环境污染很有必要。     

Acute hematological toxicity of ivermectin to juvenile Clarias gariepinus

Abstract

Acute behavioral and hematological toxicity of ivermectin to C. gariepinus juveniles were assessed under static conditions at concentrations of 9 to 25?µg L^?1 for up to 4?days. Juveniles were highly sensitive to ivermectin, with an LC50 of 15?µg L^?1, culminating in spasms and paralysis. The hematological responses of packed cell volume, hemoglobin and red blood cell count decreased when compared to the control while the white blood cell count showed a biphasic trend. The mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin showed a mixed trend, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased with increase in the concentration of the drug. Lymphocytes and neutrophils were also significantly (p?<?.05) increased. Ivermectin did not elicit any significant changes in monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. The observed changes confirm that ivermectin negatively affected the health of the fish. Therefore, real-time monitoring for early warning is recommended.     

双氯芬酸和醋氨酚对稀有鮈鲫早期生活阶段的毒性效应

随着非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）的持续使用与排放,世界各地的地表水、海水、地下水、污水厂进出水中均已频繁检测到该类药物,这对生态系统中各种非靶标生物造成了一定威胁.本研究评价了两种典型的非甾体抗炎药-双氯芬酸（Diclofenac）和醋氨酚（Acetaminophen）对中国特有物种稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）早期生活阶段的毒性效应.实验结果显示,醋氨酚的毒性较弱,当浓度达到48.4 mg·L^-1（NOEC）时,稀有鮈鲫的孵化率、死亡率、异常率、全长和干重均未表现出明显的中毒症状;而双氯酚酸的毒性则较强,当浓度达17.8 mg·L^-1（LC₁₀）时,即可导致稀有鮈鲫孵化率下降,当浓度达到10.2 mg·L^-1（LOEC）时,即可造成幼鱼外观和行为的显著异常,表明双氯芬酸对稀有鮈鲫的孵化和生长均产生了一定的致毒效应.同时,根据稀有鮈鲫和几种常用模式生物之间的孵化率、孵化后存活率、体长和双氯芬酸敏感性的比较结果,可认为稀有鮈鲫适用于污染物对鱼类早期生活阶段毒性效应的评估.     

手性多氯联苯在电子垃圾拆解地鱼类体内的分布及累积规律

电子垃圾拆解活动已造成当地鱼类多氯联苯（Polychlorinated Biphenyls,简称PCBs）污染,但手性PCBs在鱼类体内的分布特征和选择性富集则较少有报道.本研究采集了广东省清远市龙塘镇某电子垃圾拆解区附近水塘的鱼类样品,研究鱼肉样品中手性PCBs污染水平、分布规律和对映体选择性.结果表明,在电子垃圾拆解区鱼肉样品中均检测到7种手性PCBs,总PCBs（ΣPCBs）含量为386.7~602.8 ng·g^-1（湿重）,证实当地鱼类已受到手性PCBs的污染.PCB45、PCB91、PCB95、PCB132、PCB136和PCB174在鱼类样品的对映体分数（EF值）与沉积物具有显著差异,表明这些手性PCBs在鱼类体内可能具有对映体选择性富集和代谢作用.不同种类的鱼肉样品中EF值不同,说明它们对PCBs的富集能力不同.鲮鱼、鲫鱼和乌鳢对PCBs的生物/沉积物富集因子（BSAF）分别为0.31~1.71、0.30~1.86和0.50~2.64.根据乌鳢/鲮鱼和乌鳢/鲫鱼食物关系计算的生物放大因子（BMF）范围分别为1.35~4.51和2.17~5.10,表明乌鳢对手性PCBs具有生物放大作用.     

长江口及邻近水域春季鱼卵仔鱼分布与环境因子的关系

根据2001~2003年间,每年5月长江口及邻近水域现场调查资料,分析了鱼卵仔鱼分布的年际变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示:鱼卵仔鱼的数量三年间的年际变化起伏较大,2002年为鱼卵高峰期,2003年为仔鱼峰值期。鱼卵以东经122°15′为界,呈现东少西多的分布格局,仔鱼则以30°45′为界,呈南少北多的分布趋势。盐度相对水温对鱼卵所产生的效应更为明显,水温较盐度则是影响仔鱼的更重要因子。长江径流量变动对鱼卵仔鱼数量和分布产生一定的影响。浮游桡足类与鱼卵仔鱼的摄食关系决定了其丰度变化影响着鱼卵仔鱼的数量变动。     

Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether in crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as a class of flame retardants and have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Significant biotransformation of some PBDEs via reductive debromination has been observed. However, little is known about the fate of lower brominated BDEs in fish. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4′-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) were investigated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) which were exposed to spiked water solution at different concentrations for 50 d, followed by a 14-d depuration period. Bioaccumulation parameters were calculated and the results showed that BDE 15 was mainly concentrated in the gill and liver. In particular, five biotransformation products of BDE 15 in carp were identified using GC-MS/MS. Besides two debrominated metabolites, three of the metabolites were mono-OH-BDE 15, diOH-BDE 15 and bromophenol. Our results unequivocally suggested that BDE 15 oxidation did occur via the formation of hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites in crucian carp exposed in vivo. These findings will be useful for determination of the metabolic pathways of PBDEs in freshwater fish, especially about their oxidation metabolism.     

孔雀石绿对三种鱼类细胞急性毒性的初步研究

应用MTT法测定孔雀石绿对鲤鱼上皮癌细胞(EPC)、草鱼肾细胞(CIK)、斑点叉尾鮰鱼卵巢细胞(CCO)的急性毒性。测定孔雀石绿的细胞毒性,发现MTT还原量减少,甲瓒生成量与孔雀石绿浓度存在依赖关系,孔雀石绿浓度越大,活细胞越少,甲瓒生成量也相应减少。以2×104接种量对EPC细胞、CIK细胞、CCO细胞进行24h染毒,发现随着孔雀石绿浓度的增高,细胞存活率减少,并确定孔雀石绿对这三种细胞的安全浓度、半致死浓度和致死浓度。比较这三种细胞对孔雀石绿的敏感性,得出结论CIK细胞对于孔雀石绿的作用最敏感。