西洞庭湖鱼类物种多样性及其时空变化

洞庭湖是长江中游现存仅有的两大通江湖泊之一,研究其鱼类资源对了解湖泊通江的生态作用有着重要意义。为此,在2002年9月~2004年6月每月定期定点在西洞庭湖区开展鱼类调查,结果如下：① 实地调查到鱼类111种,隶属9目20科,包括中华鲟、胭脂鱼等珍稀物种;②鱼类物种数年动态波动较大,最高月份达69种,最低为26种,月均50±13种;③物种多样性指数年动态与物种数年动态大体一致,最高达3.34,最低为1.89,月均2.84±0.38;④空间分布上,位于入湖口的调查点物种数和多样性指数高于内湖,且差异有显著性(p<0.05);⑤在数量上,湖泊定居型鱼类占50%以上,其中,鲫数量最多,占16%左右。可见：西洞庭湖作为通江湖泊在鱼类多样性的保护上起到避难所和交流场所的作用;目前,西洞庭湖鱼类在生态组成上,湖泊定居型鱼类比重有逐渐增加的趋势。     

五种不同养殖生物中氯化二苯并二噁英和呋喃的污染水平及特征

对五种养殖生物进行二噁英类化合物污染水平和指纹特征的研究结果显示,鱼、虾、蟹、扇贝和牡蛎的平均浓度分别是0.35pg·g-1,0.57pg·g-1,0.62pg·g-1,0.11pg·g-1和1.38pg·g-1.OCDD是五种养殖生物的最主要污染物,其次是2,3,7,8-TCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD和OCDF. 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD和2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF是五种养殖生物中二噁英毒性最主要的贡献者.初步认为,生活习性的差异是造成五种不同养殖生物二噁英污染水平差异的重要原因.     

Fish Assemblage Responses to Water Withdrawals and Water Supply Reservoirs in Piedmont Streams

Understanding effects of flow alteration on stream biota is essential to developing ecologically sustainable water supply strategies. We evaluated effects of altering flows via surface water withdrawals and instream reservoirs on stream fish assemblages, and compared effects with other hypothesized drivers of species richness and assemblage composition. We sampled fishes during three years in 28 streams used for municipal water supply in the Piedmont region of Georgia, U.S.A. Study sites had permitted average withdrawal rates that ranged from < 0.05 to > 13 times the stream’s seven-day, ten-year recurrence low flow (7Q10), and were located directly downstream either from a water supply reservoir or from a withdrawal taken from an unimpounded stream. Ordination analysis of catch data showed a shift in assemblage composition at reservoir sites corresponding to dominance by habitat generalist species. Richness of fluvial specialists averaged about 3 fewer species downstream from reservoirs, and also declined as permitted withdrawal rate increased above about 0.5 to one 7Q10-equivalent of water. Reservoir presence and withdrawal rate, along with drainage area, accounted for 70% of the among-site variance in fluvial specialist richness and were better predictor variables than percent of the catchment in urban land use or average streambed sediment size. Increasing withdrawal rate also increased the odds that a site’s Index of Biotic Integrity score fell below a regulatory threshold indicating biological impairment. Estimates of reservoir and withdrawal effects on stream biota could be used in predictive landscape models to support adaptive water supply planning intended to meet societal needs while conserving biological resources.     

饲料添加剂叔丁基对羟基茴香醚和抗生素诺氟沙星对剑尾鱼的毒性效应

研究了叔丁基对羟基茴香醚(butylated hydroxyanisole,BHA)和诺氟沙星(norfloxacin,NFLX)对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其肝脏谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及7-乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响.结果表明,BHA和NFLX对剑尾鱼毒性大小分别属于高毒和低毒.BHA的暴露浓度为0.20mg.L-1和0.04mg.L-1时,GST和CAT活性诱导分别达到最大值;NFLX的暴露浓度为5mg.L-1时,GST和CAT均受到最大程度的诱导.随着BHA和NFLX暴露浓度的增加,GST和CAT呈现出先诱导后抑制的典型"钟型曲线"变化规律,而MDA含量和EROD活性则逐渐增加.其中,MDA和EROD响应较为敏感,适合作为BHA和NFLX暴露的生物标记物.雌雄个体酶响应的敏感程度存在一定的差异,雄性个体比雌性个体敏感.     

Occurrence, bioaccumulation and potential sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in typical freshwater cultured fish ponds of South China

To determine the potential input sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to fish farming environments in South China, samples of seven various environmental matrices were collected from October 2006-September 2007. Tri- to deca-BDEs were detected in all samples analyzed, with mean concentrations (±standard deviations) at 5.7 ± 3.6 ng/L in pond water, 15 ± 11 ng/g dry wt. in pond sediment, 12 ± 3.8 ng/g dry wt. in bank soil, 21 ± 20 ng/g lipid wt. in fish, and 93 ± 62 ng/g lipid wt. in fish feeds. In addition, BDE-209 was the major constituent in all samples except fish and BDE-47 was predominant in fish samples. Relatively high abundances of BDE-49 were detected in all the samples compared to those in the penta-BDE technical products. Several bioaccumulation factors were evaluated. Finally, statistical analyses suggested that fish feed, as well as pond water at a lesser degree, may have been the major source of PBDEs in freshwater farmed fish.     

Trace elements in two marine fish cultured in fish cages in Fujian province, China

Two cultured marine fish, the Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) and red seabream (Pagrus major) were collected from eight fish cage sites along the coast of Fujian province in China. The concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn in their muscle, stomach and liver tissue were quantified. The risk of these trace elements to humans through fish consumption was then assessed. The highest concentrations of As, Cd, Se and Zn in fish feed from fish cages were found in Dongshan Station. Moreover, the As levels in the muscles of both species at all sites were generally higher than China's national standard (>1.0 μg/g). Trace element concentrations in two marine fish followed the order of livers > stomachs > muscles. Although the As levels in two marine caged fish exceeded the permissible standards, the estimated daily intake of As did not exceed the reference dose guideline established by US EPA. For other trace elements examined in this study, their concentrations did not exceed the permissible concentrations of the international standards.     

鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖对水质净化作用研究

2009年在山东无棣的滨州市水产研究所养殖基地,进行了鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖对水质净化作用的试验,结果表明:鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖与单纯贝类生态养殖对水质的净化作用相比较,鱼虾贝类立体混养对CODMn、BOD5、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、硫化物、挥发酚的去除率明显高于贝类单独养殖的去除率,总磷的去除率二者相差不大,唯单纯贝类养殖对总氮的去除率高于鱼虾贝类立体养殖。     

Prymnesium parvum: The Norwegian Experience1

Johnsen, Torbjørn M., Wenche Eikrem, Christine D. Olseng, Knut E. Tollefsen, and Vilhelm Bjerknes, 2010. Prymnesium parvum: The Norwegian Experience. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):6-13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00386.x Abstract: In Norwegian waters, Prymnesium parvum has been reported from Oslofjorden in the south to Spitzbergen in the north. However, blooms of P. parvum have only been reported from the Sandsfjorden system in Ryfylke, Western Norway where the salinity of the permanent brackish layer (2-5 m) typically is in the range of 4-7 psu during the summer months. The first bloom on record occurred in 1989, and it killed 750 metric tons of caged salmon and trout which was a significant economic loss to the fish farming industry. Toxic blooms occurred as well in subsequent years and the number of fish farms in the area decreased considerably as did the occurrence of P. parvum. In 2005, fish farming was reintroduced to the area and again, in 2007 a toxic bloom of P. parvum killed 135 metric tons of caged fish. The Norwegian Institute for Water Research has, in collaboration with “Erfjord Stamfisk” fish farm, set up a monitoring program that includes light microscopy cell counts of Prymnesium, water quality measurements, and observation of the caged fish. A submergible fish net was mounted over the fish pens and during the toxic outbreak of P. parvum in July-August 2007, which was as previous years confined to the upper brackish water layer, the fish nets were lowered to 10 m depths below the surface and fish feeding was temporarily stopped. Despite substantial weight loss, the fish survived the toxic bloom and the economic loss was minimal. Monitoring of P. parvum bloom dynamics in 2007 revealed that populations were initially dominated by the nonmotile forms which were gradually replaced by the flagellated forms. Toxicity was observed when the flagellated cells dominated populations in the summer. Chrysochromulina, solitary small Chaetoceros species, and small centric diatoms co-existed with P. parvum during the monitoring period (June-October).     

Constructing an Interdisciplinary Flow Regime Recommendation1

Bartholow, John M., 2010. Constructing an Interdisciplinary Flow Regime Recommendation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00461.x Abstract: It is generally agreed that river rehabilitation most often relies on restoring a more natural flow regime, but credibly defining the desired regime can be problematic. I combined four distinct methods to develop and refine month-by-month and event-based flow recommendations to protect and partially restore the ecological integrity of the Cache la Poudre River through Fort Collins, Colorado. A statistical hydrologic approach was used to summarize the river’s natural flow regime and set provisional monthly flow targets at levels that were historically exceeded 75% of the time. These preliminary monthly targets were supplemented using results from three Poudre-specific disciplinary studies. A substrate maintenance flow model was used to better define the high flows needed to flush accumulated sediment from the river’s channel and help sustain the riparian zone in this snowmelt-dominated river. A hydraulic/habitat model and a water temperature model were both used to better define the minimum flows necessary to maintain a thriving cool water fishery. The result is a range of recommended monthly flows and daily flow guidance illustrating the advantage of combining a wide range of available disciplinary information, supplemented by judgment based on ecological principles and a general understanding of river ecosystems, in a highly altered, working river.     

巴东官渡汇流口网箱养鱼对附近水域水质的影响

对巴东官渡汇流口网箱养殖区进行了现场调查和实验室分析,结果显示其水质变化规律为网箱养殖区劣于控制断面区域,控制断面劣于背景和削减断面,同一断面水质基本相同,控制断面水质由网箱向外逐渐变好。主成分分析表明,不同养殖区对水体污染影响依次为：中华鲟养殖区>鸭嘴鲟养殖区>黄颡鱼养殖区>鲤鱼、草鱼混养区。各水质指标相关性分析表明,官渡Chla与总磷和氨氮高度相关;氨氮、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数4个指标明显相关,说明其污染源具有同源性,该水域污染主要受到网箱养殖的影响。以超河流背景断面浓度5％作为划定超背景污染带的标准,网箱养鱼引起的氨氮超背景污染面积最大,约为网箱面积的10倍,高锰酸盐指数超背景污染面积最小,约为网箱面积的5倍