氟吡菌胺对斑马鱼的毒性效应

采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术和传统毒理学方法, 研究了氟吡菌胺对斑马鱼胚胎、成鱼及仔鱼的毒性效应.结果发现,氟吡菌胺对3个阶段斑马鱼均具有致死能力,对仔鱼LC50(48h)值为0.204mg/L,成鱼LC50(96h)为0.286mg/L,幼鱼LC50(96h)为1.489mg/L.研究表明,0.0596mg/L以上浓度的氟吡菌胺对斑马鱼胚胎均有一定程度的致死效应,高浓度处理组胚胎出现心包囊肿、卵黄囊不吸收、黑色素沉积少及鱼体弯曲等症状;氟吡菌胺对斑马鱼成鱼进行14d暴露后,处理组成鱼体重下降,产卵量减少,有效卵量降低; 0.0298mg/L处理组144h子代仔鱼存活率虽然比较高,但存活鱼大部分出现心包囊肿、体弯曲等畸形.上述结果说明,水体中残留的氟吡菌胺对于斑马鱼各生命阶段的生长发育均具有潜在的危害.     

保安湖鱼体重金属和有机氯农药污染特征及健康风险评价

在湖北保安湖采集主要食用鱼类(团头鲂、鲫鱼、草鱼)样品,通过测定鱼体中的重金属(Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn)和有机氯农药(六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs))含量,基于不同评估模型分析了这3种鱼的污染特征和健康风险。结果显示,鱼样中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量分别为1.03～1.13、0.93～1.66、22.80～31.54、0.08～0.49、0.004～0.007、0.040～0.050和0.03～0.06 mg·kg~(-1);鱼样中HCHs、DDTs的含量为5.94～38.04和5.99～38.38 ng·g~(-1)ww。根据国家规定的有毒有害物质限量标准,团头鲂和鲫鱼中As分别超标0.2和3.9倍;鲫鱼体内HCHs和草鱼体内DDTs含量分别超标0.9和2.8倍;其他鱼样重金属和有机氯农药含量均未超过标准限值。总体来看,鲫鱼重金属严重污染,重金属综合污染程度的顺序是鲫鱼团头鲂草鱼;鲫鱼和草鱼体内有机氯农药(OCPs)达到重度污染,OCPs综合污染程度为草鱼鲫鱼团头鲂; 3种鱼样重金属和OCPs复合暴露条件下健康风险评估结果表明,食用3种鱼肉的致癌风险都大于10-6,即均存在一定的潜在致癌风险,致癌风险概率为鲫鱼草鱼团头鲂,同时,食用鲫鱼还存在非致癌健康风险,其污染来源及有效防治值得进一步研究。     

河鲈锚首吸虫及其宿主鳜鱼组织器官中铅含量的比较

利用原子吸收分光光度计分析了寄生鳜鱼（Sinipercachuatsi）鳃部的河鲈锚首吸虫（Ancyrocephalusmogurndae）及其宿主组织器官,包括肌肉、鳃、头肾和肝脏的铅含量.结果表明,来自三湖连江水库和牛山湖两个采样点的河鲈锚首吸虫的铅含量都显著地高于其宿主组织器官中的铅含量.在所检测的宿主组织器官中,肝脏的铅含量最高,在两个采样点分别为0.138和0.114μg/g（湿重）.河鲈锚首吸虫富集铅的机理及其较高水平铅含量的特点是否与其体外寄生的特性有关,尚有待于进一步研究.     

Eco‐hydraulic Evaluation of a Whitewater Park as a Fish Passage Barrier

Whitewater parks (WWPs) typically consist of instream structures that enhance recreational boating by constricting flow into a steep chute that generates a hydraulic jump in a downstream pool. Concerns have been raised that high velocities resulting from WWPs may be inhibiting fish movement during critical life stages. We evaluated the effects of WWPs on upstream fish passage by concurrently monitoring fish movement and hydraulic conditions at three WWP structures and three adjacent natural control (CR) sites in a wadeable river in northern Colorado. Fish movement was tracked with a network of Passive Integrated Transponder antennas over a 14‐month period. Individual fishes (n = 1,639), including brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were tagged and released within WWP and CR sites. Detailed hydraulic conditions occurring during the study period were evaluated with a fully 3D model. Results reveal the WWPs monitored in this study are not a complete barrier to upstream salmonid movement, but differences in passage efficiency from release location range from 29 to 44% in WWP sites and 37 to 63% for CR sites and the suppression of movement is related to body length. Small numbers of monitored nonsalmonids were inadequate to directly observe effects on their movement; however, it is highly probable that movement of smaller native fishes is also suppressed. Hydraulic modeling helps in the design of WWP structures that protect fish passage.     

Selection of optimum fish oil fuel blend to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in an IC engine—A hybrid multiple criteria decision aid approach

The increasing demand on energy due to population growth and rising of living standards has led to considerable use of fossil fuels which has in turn, had an adverse impact on environmental pollution and depletion of fossil fuels in Internal Combustion (IC) engine sector. Alternative fuel blend evaluation in IC engine fuel technologies is a very important strategic decision involving decisions balancing within a number of criteria and opinions from different decision maker of IC engine experts. The selection of appropriate source of biodiesel and proper blending of biodiesel plays a major role in alternate energy production. This paper describes an application of hybrid Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique for the selection of optimum biodiesel blend in the IC engine. The proposed model, Analytical Network Process (ANP) is integrated with Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to evaluate the optimum blend. Here the ANP is used to determine the relative weights of the criteria, whereas TOPSIS is used for obtaining the final ranking of alternative blends. An efficient pair-wise comparison process and ranking of alternatives can be achieved for optimum blend selection through the integration of ANP and TOPSIS. The obtained preference order for the blends are as B20 > B40 > Diesel > B60 > B80 > B100. This paper highlights a new insight into MCDM techniques to evaluate the best fuel blend for the decision makers such as engine manufactures and R&D engineers to meet the fuel economy and emission norms to empower the green revolution.     

Chemometric approach to evaluate element distribution in muscle,liver and fish bone of roach (Rutilus rutilus), silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) from Swarzędzkie Lake (Poland) using ICP-MS and FIAS-CVAAS techniques

The content of elements in fish tissues and organs from Swarz?dzkie Lake was investigated in order to evaluate the possible risk associated with their consumption by animals as well as humans. Samples of muscle, liver and fish bone of three fish species; roach (Rutilus rutilus), silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were collected from seine catches undertaken as part of the biomanipulation of Swarz?dzkie Lake. Element concentration (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with the exception of Hg where the flow injection analysis system cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (FIAS-CVAAS) was applied. The study indicated a large variation in the occurrence of the investigated elements in different parts of the fish body. The highest content of Al and Zn was stated in all fish organs for each fish species. The majority of the applied statistical and chemometric methods (e.g., PCA, CA) refer to roach since we had a large number of data for this species. The obtained results were assessed in terms of their accuracy and precision using certified reference material of Fish Muscle ERM BB422.     

Trace elements and organochlorine pollutants in selected fish species from Lake Phewa,Nepal

Lake water and fish livers and gills of sahar (Tor putitora), spiny eel (Mastacembelus armatus), African magur (Clarias gariepinus), and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Lake Phewa, Nepal, were assessed for the concentrations of trace metals/elements and persistent organic pollutants. The lake water was neutral with low ionic and metallic concentrations as compared to high-altitude lakes of Nepal. The four elements Cu, Zn, Se, and Cd had highest concentrations in livers, indicating uptake from diet, whereas four other metallic elements Cr, Mn, Ni, and Pb had highest concentrations in gills, indicating uptake from lake water. O. niloticus tended to have most of trace metals in the liver at higher concentrations than the other species but significant differences among the different species were found only for Mn, Ni, and Zn in the gills. A pilot study on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in muscle revealed that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and related compounds were the dominant organochlorine pesticides, having highest concentrations in C. gariepinus and lowest in O. niloticus.     

转基因作物对鱼类的生态毒理效应研究综述

转基因作物潜在的健康和环境风险一直以来颇受争议,转基因作物加工成动物饲料后可能会诱导动物产生免疫应激反应,影响动物的生长发育、繁殖等。鱼类是水生脊椎动物的代表,已广泛应用于水环境的监测,但目前转基因作物对鱼类的饲用安全性研究还相对较少。文章基于转基因作物作为鱼饲料原料对鱼类生态毒理学效应的研究现状,综述了转基因作物对鱼的生长表现、生理生化、脏器功能及发育、组织病理以及行为活动等方面的生态毒理学效应,分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对今后的研究趋势进行了探讨。     

鲤鱼鱼鳃微环境酸碱条件与铜形态分布模拟

用鱼鳃微环境测定装置和化学平衡计算方法,研究了在人工河水中暴露于铜的鲤鱼鳃部微环境的pH、碱度、粘液含量和铜形态分布.结果发现,鱼鳃pH平衡点为6.92,人工河水pH高于或低于此值时,鱼鳃微环境pH偏低或偏高.变化幅度约达-0.6至0.4 个pH单位.根据实测结果分别建立了计算人工河水和鱼鳃微环境碱度以及鱼鳃粘液分泌量随暴露铜含量和pH变化的定量模型.化学平衡计算结果说明,在pH6至9范围内,人工河水中优势态铜从游离态铜过渡到羟基络合态铜.由于粘液和pH差异的影响,鱼鳃微环境中生物有效态铜含量显著低于人工河水.这样的差别在酸性条件下尤为显著.     

长江三角洲渔业水环境质量现状及对策建议

长江三角洲地区渔业水环境现状评价表明 ,影响本地区水域水质的主要项目有石油类、溶解氧和非离子氨 ,部分地区水域已不能满足渔业生产的要求。因此 ,本文提出了本地区渔业水环境的保护对策建议 ,希望能引起有关方面的高度重视 ,促进本地区渔业水环境的保护和治理 ,以确保本地区渔业生产的可持续发展。