乌鳢仔鱼生化成分变化与其行为的关系

研究了１～１６ｄ龄乌鳢仔鱼水分、Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、脂肪和蛋白质含量的变化及其主要摄食行为．结果表明，初孵仔鱼含水量为５０．１５％～５２．４０％，并随发育进展持续上升到８６．３５％～８６．８６％，而仔鱼干重则在第６ｄ最低．Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋在仔鱼前期波动较大，第８ｄ后稳步上升，脂肪食量在孵出后的前４ｄ基本上保持不变，第５ｄ下降１５．８５％，第６ｄ下降３４．３８％，此后一直下降．蛋白质含量前８ｄ变化很小，第８ｄ后开始大幅上升．结合行为学观察认为，油球在仔鱼前期主要作为“浮力器官”（ｂｕｏｙａｎｃｙｏｒｇａｎ），在后期则可补偿摄入能量的不足．     

Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape

Land uses such as forestry and agriculture are presumed to degrade the biodiversity of riparian wetlands in the northern temperate regions of the United States. In order to improve land use decision making in this landscape, floral and faunal communities of 15 riparian wetlands associated with low-order streams were related to their surrounding land cover to establish which organismal groups are affected by anthropogenic disturbance and whether these impacts are scale-specific. Study sites were chosen to represent a gradient of disturbance. Vascular plants of wet meadow and shrub carr communities, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish and birds were surveyed, and total abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity were calculated. For each site, anthropogenic disturbances were evaluated at local and landscape scales (500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 m from the site and the site catchment) from field surveys and a geographic information system (GIS). Land use data were grouped into six general land use types: urban, cultivated, rangeland, forest, wetland and water. Shrub carr vegetation, bird and fish diversity and richness generally decrease with increasing cultivation in the landscape. Amphibian abundance decreases and fish abundance increases as the proportions of open water and rangeland increases; bird diversity and richness increase with forest and wetland extent in the landscape. Wet meadow vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians and fish respond to local disturbances or environmental conditions. Shrub carr vegetation, amphibians and birds are influenced by land use at relatively small landscape scales (500 and 1000 m), and fish respond to land use at larger landscape scales (2500, 5000 m and the catchment). Effective conservation planning for these riparian wetlands requires assessment of multiple organismal groups, different types of disturbance and several spatial scales.1998 Academic Press     

黄鳝染色体体外SCE检测系统的建立及对两种清洗剂的检测

姐妹染色单体交换(SCE)技术已在细胞生物学、细胞遗传学、环境毒理学、医学等领域得到了重视和应用。在检测环境诱变剂和致癌剂方面,SCE比染色体畸变敏感二百倍。 关于体外SCE检测系统的研究,除了较多地利用人外周血淋巴细胞和中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞作为SCE检测材料外,也开始利用各种生态环境中的动物。对鱼类SCE的研究,国外做过一些工作,但有关建立SCE检测系统的报道极少。国内有关     

ELISA of polyclonal antibody to fish MT and study on heavy metal tolerance in fish

ＥＬＩＳＡｏｆｐｏｌｙｃｌｏｎａｌａｎｔｉｂｏｄｙｔｏｆｉｓｈＭＴａｎｄｓｔｕｄｙｏｎｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅｉｎｆｉｓｈＷａｎｇＹｉｎｇｙａｎ（ＮａｔｉｏｎＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＵｒｂａｎＥｎｖｉｒｏ...     

Biological exposure models for oil spill impact analysis

1　ＢｒｉｅｆｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｉｌｓｐｉｌｌｉｍｐａｃｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｓｙｓｔｅｍＡｓｌｏｎｇａｓｃｒｕｄｅｏｉｌｓａｒｅ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅａｎｄｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｄａｃｒｏｓｓｔｈｅｓｅａｓｂｙｓｈｉｐｓｏｒｐｉｐｅｌｉｎｅｓ,ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｒｉｓｋｏｆｏｉｌｓｐｉｌｌｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｔｏｃａｕｓｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄａｍａｇｅ .Ｔｈｅ“ＥｘｘｏｎＶａｌｄｅｚ”ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔｉｎＡｌａｓｋａ ,ａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｏｉ…     

浑太河河流生态系统完整性评价体系的构建

河流健康评价是进行河流管理的重要工具.为了对浑太河进行全面准确的健康评价，基于65个采样点共45个候选指标构建具有生物完整性、物理完整性及化学完整性在内的河流IEI（index of ecological integrity，生态系统完整性）评价体系.根据栖息地综合质量评估和水质等级确定参考样点和受损样点，通过筛选候选指标获得构建IEI评价体系的核心指标并进行标准化处理，按照层次分析法将三部分指标分别赋予不同的权重，运用比值法及分位数法算出各采样点的得分，最终得出浑太河的健康评价结果.为验证IEI评价体系的优势及结果的可靠性，将IEI、SFA（single factor assessment，单因子评价）、F-IBI（fish index of biological intergrity，鱼类生物完整性）3种评价结果进行对比分析.结果表明:①雅罗鱼亚科百分比、鲤亚科百分比、杂食性鱼类百分比、护卵行为鱼类百分比、流速、底质含沙量比例、草地面积、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（COD_Mn）、电导率及ρ（SS）可作为构建IEI评价体系的12个核心指标.②IEI评价结果显示，"健康"样点占24.62%，"较好"样点占9.20%，"一般"样点占6.15%，"较差"样点占60.03%.浑太河水生态健康状况整体较差，中上游地区的水生态健康状况优于下游地区，太子河的水生态健康状况优于浑河.③IEI、F-IBI、SFA评价结果在一般以下样点分别占66.18%、67.70%、63.08%，3种评价结果在全河流范围内大体一致，但在点源污染的采样点，IEI评价结果更贴近采样点的实际情况，更为客观.研究显示，构建的IEI评价体系适用于浑太河的健康评价.      

原子吸收法测定鱼虾铜锌铅镉铬两种消解方法的比较

分别用混合酸湿法消解和微波消解两种方法处理鱼虾样品,用原子吸收法测定样品中铜、锌、铅、镉、铬的含量.结果表明微波消解相对标准偏差均在4.0%以下,加标回收率在95.6%～112%之间.湿法消解相对标准偏差在0.3%～5.6%之间,加标回收率在88.9%～115%之间.微波消解比湿法消解的精密度、准确度高,且微波消解操作安全简便,耗时短,适用于样品数量多的情况.混合酸湿法消解操作复杂,耗时长,由于使用了在高温下易爆的高氯酸,又容易发生"炭化"现象,安全性差,在样品数量少的情况下可用此法.     

利用泥鳅对重金属富集的现象来指示河流污染变化程度的研究

利用泥鳅鱼在淤泥中寻找食物的生活习性,通过分析不同时期采集的泥鳅体内的重金属浓度,监测河流或底泥的污染程度,即可以把泥鳅作为河流或底泥污染程度的敏感指示动物.建立了用ICP-AES同时测定泥鳅鱼体内多种元素的方法,具有快捷、准确的特点.该方法的回收率为96.0%～106%,精密度RSD为1.7%～5.1%.     

溢油分散剂产品性能的评估

溢油分散剂是处理海上溢油的重要手段之一 ,产品性能直接关系到实际处理效果 ,其毒性也是人们一直关心的问题。中国海事部门规定 ,分散剂产品必须经过形式认可试验 ,才能在港口、码头和船舶上处理溢油。根据溢油分散剂产品性能的检测结果 ,对产品外观、pH值、燃点、运动粘度、乳化率 (30s ,10min)、鱼类急性毒性和可生物降解性等性能指标进行了评估。对加强溢油分散剂的使用、管理和监督检验具有一定的意义。     

Effective advocacy: the psychological mechanisms of environmental issue framing

ABSTRACT

While environmental issues are among the most serious threats to human security, they tend to rank toward the bottom of Americans’ priorities for political action. To redress this, environmental organizations strategically frame their mobilization communications in an attempt to garner the public’s support. Advocacy research groups encourage the use of motivational, economic and personal frames because of their ability to mobilize support through distinct psychological processes: efficacy, psychological proximity and emotion. An experimental study is conducted that tests the extent to which these mechanisms mediate environmental frames’ effects on support for an environmental campaign. Results of this study lead to the conclusion that motivational frames are unable to elicit efficacy in the target audience, thus proving ineffectual at influencing attitudes or behaviors. Economic and personal frames are more successful, aligning the audience’s attitudes with the message and operating through psychological proximity, sadness and anger to induce behavioral support for the environmental campaign.