化工废水对鱼的一致性及灵敏度的响应

运用不同鱼种的急性毒性试验对东北三省具有代表性的化工行业中五种企业污染源排放口水样进行监测,按照工业废水试验方法（鱼类的急性毒性测试）研究了化工废水对于敏感鱼毒性效应。研究结果表明：化工行业废水对不同鱼种均有一定的毒性,随着实际废水暴露浓度的增加,鱼死亡率呈明显的上升趋势,且呈现一定的梯度。同一浓度不同企业的水样,鱼的存活率不同,但有一定的抑制现象。在选取的化工行业中,以不同鱼种作为受试生物的生物毒性大小排序为：吉化1〉吉化2〉吉化3〉吉化4〉吉化5。     

药品与个人护理品在鱼体中的累积及代谢研究进展

药品与个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)作为一类广泛使用和具有特殊物理化学特性的新型环境污染物,能够在水环境中持续低浓度的存在,对水生生态系统具有潜在风险,已经引起了广泛的关注。鱼体内PPCPs的累积与代谢过程研究在PPCPs的生态风险评价中占据极其重要的地位。概述了PPCPs在鱼体内的分布,分析了影响PPCPs在鱼体内累积的因素如PPCPs的性质、组织差异、鱼的种类、不同的描述方法等,讨论了PPCPs的代谢机制,重点介绍了PPCPs在胆汁内的解毒机制和代谢产物,强调了胆汁应用的重要意义。最后,展望了PPCPs在鱼体内的累积和代谢这一研究领域的发展方向。     

Learning environmental justice and adult education in a Scottish community campaign against fish farming

Community campaigns against local sources of pollution and environmental degradation form the building blocks of movements for environmental justice. They also constitute important locations for people to learn about the environment and obtain outlooks, knowledge and skills with which to tackle pollution and address sustainable alternatives. The learning which occurs is usually informal and involves collective learning for action. A challenge to formal educators is to be able to support such learning. This account is of the learning which has been achieved during a community campaign against fish farming in the community of Scoraig in Wester Ross, north-west Scotland. We identify a complex diversity of learning within the community, involving information-gathering and critical analysis, between those active in the campaign and those supportive but less active, and in interaction between formal and informal education.     

水污染中的鱼类监测初探

文章阐述了鱼类种群监测和鱼类毒理实验在环境监测方面的应用,并具体介绍了应用化学鱼类监测法、应用浮藻鱼类监测法以及鱼类急性毒性实验法和鱼类致突变试验法。     

Polychlorinated biphenyls and Organochlorine insecticides residues in fish and shellfish from lake Biwa

Results of surveys on Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine insecticides (HCH and DDT) in fish and shellfish from Lake Biwa were summarized from 1987 to 1996. In 1975, fish and shellfish in Lake Biwa were highly contaminated with PCB, HCH and DDT but recently in 1992–1996 the concentrations of these chemicals were very low and nearly constant. In the composition of HCH isomers, β‐HCH was dominant in all kinds of fish and shellfish. In the composition of DDT and DDT metabolites, pp'‐DDE was similarly dominant in all kinds of fish and shellfish. Further, the data in Lake Biwa were compared with those in Lake Michigan and Lake Baikal.     

Organophosphate dichlorvos induced dose‐related differential alterations in lipid levels and lipid peroxidation in various regions of the fish brain and spinal cord

Abstract

The effect of dichlorvos (DDVP) (0–0, dimethyl 2: 2‐dichlorovinyl phosphate), on various lipid fractions and lipid peroxidation in the discrete areas of the brain and spinal cord were studied in the fresh water teleost (Heteropneustes fossilis). Fishes were exposed to three different doses (3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 ppm) of DDVP daily for 7 days. Dose‐related increase in the levels of total lipids, cholesterol and esterified fatty acids was detected in the fore brain, optic lobes, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. However, phospholipids were significantly decreased in the aforementioned regions of the central nervous system. The rate of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in all the regions of the CNS.     

Comparison of Outcomes of Permanently Closed and Periodically Harvested Coral Reef Reserves

Abstract: In many areas of the developing world, the establishment of permanent marine reserves is inhibited by cultural norms or socioeconomic pressures. Community conserved areas that are periodically harvested are increasingly being implemented as fisheries management tools, but few researchers have empirically compared them with permanently closed reserves. We used a hierarchal control‐impact experimental design to compare the abundance and biomass of reef fishes, invertebrates, and substrate composition in periodically harvested and permanent reserves and in openly fished (control sites) of the South Pacific island country of Vanuatu. Fished species had significantly higher biomass in periodically harvested reserves than in adjacent openly fished areas. We did not detect differences in substratum composition between permanent reserves and openly fished areas or between permanent reserves and periodically harvested reserves. Giant clams (tridacnids) and top shells (Trochus niloticus) were vulnerable to periodic harvest, and we suggest that for adequate management of these species, periodically harvested community conservation areas be used in conjunction with other management strategies. Periodic harvest within reserves is an example of adaptive and flexible management that may meet conservation goals and that is suited to the social, economic, and cultural contexts of many coastal communities in the developing world.     

The State of Food Resources and Reproductive Success of Tufted and Horned Puffins in the Northern Sea of Okhotsk

Studies on the reproductive biology of seabirds on Talan and Umara islands in 1987–1999 showed that the diet of nestlings and reproductive success of the tufted puffin (Lunda cirrhata) and horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata) considerably varied in different colonies. This was determined by differences in the hydrologic characteristics of water areas and the state of food resources in Taui Bay (the northern Sea of Okhotsk). The reproductive success of tufted puffins was higher on Umara Island due to more favorable environmental conditions and relatively stable food resources in Odyan Bay. The parameters of reproductive success and the nestling diet in tufted and horned puffins from Talan Island differed considerably. The survival of nestlings was always higher in horned puffins, which was related to some characteristics of their feeding ecology.     

URBANIZATION INFLUENCES ON AQUATIC COMMUNITIES IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Biotic indices and sediment trace element concentrations for 43 streams in northeastern Illinois (Chicago area) from the 1980s and 1990s were examined along an agricultural to urban land cover gradient to explore the relations among biotic integrity, sediment chemistry, and urbanization. The Illinois fish Alternative Index of Biotic Integrity (AIBI) ranged from poor to excellent in agricultural/rural streams, but streams with more than 10 percent watershed urban land (about 500 people/mi²) had fair or poor index scores. A macroinvertebrate index (MBI) showed similar trends. A qualitative habitat index (PIBI) did not correlate to either urban indicator. The AIBI and MBI correlated with urban associated sediment trace element concentrations. Elevated copper concentrations in sediment occurred in streams with greater than 40 percent watershed urban land. The number of intolerant fish species and modified index of biotic integrity scores increased in some rural, urbanizing, and urban streams from the 1980s to 1990s, with the largest increases occurring in rural streams with loamy/sandy surficial deposits. However, smaller increases also occurred in urban streams with clayey surficial deposits and over 50 percent watershed urban land. These data illustrate the potentially complex spatial and temporal relations among biotic integrity, sediment chemistry, watershed urban land, population density, and regional and local geologic setting.     

北京市主要河流鱼类群落的空间格局特征

鱼类群落空间格局对于区域人为活动的干扰具有显著的指示作用.基于2014年5月-2015年8月北京市主要河流（永定河水系、大清河水系、潮白河水系和北运河水系）64个采样点的河流鱼类监测数据,采用聚类分析和非度量多维标度法,研究北京市主要河流鱼类群落的空间格局特征.结果表明:北京市鱼类在空间上形成了3个主要类型,包括分布于北京市主要河流上游山区的山溪型河流鱼类类型（组1）,分布于北京市主要河流上游山区向下游城区过渡区域的山溪向城市河流过渡鱼类类型（组2）,以及分布于北京市主要河流下游城区的城市河流鱼类类型（组3）.鱼类优势度指数分析表明,组1优势种主要为拉氏鱥、宽鳍鱲、棒花鱼、北方须鳅和中华花鳅,组2优势种为鲫鱼、宽鳍鱲、棒花鱼、麦穗鱼、黑鳍鳈、中华花鳅和波氏吻虾虎,组3优势种为鲫鱼、麦穗鱼和泥鳅.与历史监测资料比较,北京市鱼类生物多样性总体呈下降趋势,共有12种野生鱼类未能在野外监测中发现.北京市山区和过渡区域河流中保持了较高的生物多样性,受城市化和人类活动干扰的影响,城市河流的鱼类退化明显,物种组成以高耐污类群为主,群落结构呈现单一化.研究显示,北京市城市化过程对区域鱼类生物多样性下降具有显著影响,鱼类群落的空间格局分异加剧,与区域人为活动扰动的强度密切相关.