Water level fluctuations influence microbial communities and mercury methylation in soils in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Reservoirs tend to have enhanced methylmercury(MeHg) concentrations compared to natural lakes and rivers, and water level fluctuations can promote MeHg production. Until now, little research has been conducted on the effects of microorganisms in soils for the formation of MeHg during different drying and flooding alternating conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR). This study aimed to understand how water level fluctuations affect soil microbial composition and mercury concentrations, and if such microbial variations are related to Hg methylation. The results showed that MeHg concentrations and the ratios of MeHg to THg(MeHg%) in soils were higher in the seasonally drying and flooding alternating areas(DFAs, 175–155 m) than those in the non-inundated(NIAs, 175 m) and inundated areas(IAs, 145 m). However, MeHg% in all samples was less than 1%, indicating that the Hg methylation activity in the soils of the TGR was under a low level. 454 highthroughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene amplicons showed that soil bacterial abundance and diversity were relatively higher in DFA compared to those in NIA and IA, and microbial community composition varied in these three areas. At the family level, those groups in Deltaproteobacteria and Methanomicrobia that might have many Hg methylators were also showed a higher relative abundance in DFA, which might be the reason for the higher MeHg production in these areas. Overall, our results suggested that seasonally water level fluctuations can enhance the microbial abundance and diversity, as well as MeHg production in the TGR.     

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤有机磷酸酯淹水释放特征

本研究以三峡库区消落带典型土壤作为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,探讨了有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的含量、环境温度、土壤有机质含量、微生物因素的变化对土壤中常见OPEs单体迁移释放的影响.结果表明,土壤中OPEs含量越低,其迁移释放量越低;有机质含量升高,土壤向上覆水释放的OPEs减少,预示土壤添加有机质后对OPEs的释放产生了一定的抑制作用,有机质对OPEs的吸附起主要作用,但当有机质含量(以干重计)高于30 g·kg~(-1)时,对OPEs释放的抑制作用并未显著增强;在环境温度为27℃时,三类OPEs的平均释放量为1 077. 3 ng·m L~(-1),高于7℃的释放量,说明高温对OPEs的释放起促进作用.微生物对其作用并不明显.氯类的OPEs包括磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)、磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯(TDCP)为最主要的释放单体,主要原因可能是氯类OPEs的辛醇水分配系数(Kow值)和有机碳分配系数(Koc值)比烷烃类和芳烃类OPEs低,更易溶于水体,不易被土壤中的有机质吸附,因此氯类OPEs更易从土壤中迁移释放到上覆水中,成为三峡库区上覆水中主要的OPEs单体.     

Meteorological normalisation and non-parametric smoothing for quality assessment and trend analysis of tropospheric ozone data

Despite extensive efforts to ensure that sampling and installation and maintenance of instruments are as efficient as possible when monitoring air pollution data, there is still an indisputable need for statistical post processing (quality assessment). We examined data on tropospheric ozone and found that meteorological normalisation can reveal (i) errors that have not been eliminated by established procedures for quality assurance and control of collected data, as well as (ii) inaccuracies that may have a detrimental effect on the results of statistical tests for temporal trends. Moreover, we observed that the quality assessment of collected data could be further strengthened by combining meteorological normalisation with non-parametric smoothing techniques for seasonal adjustment and detection of sudden shifts in level. Closer examination of apparent trends in tropospheric ozone records from EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) sites in Finland showed that, even if potential raw data errors were taken into account, there was strong evidence of upward trends during winter and early spring.     

Time Series Analysis to Monitor and Assess Water Resources: A Moving Average Approach

An understanding of the behavior of the groundwater body and its long-term trends are essential for making any management decision in a given watershed. Geostatistical methods can effectively be used to derive the long-term trends of the groundwater body. Here an attempt has been made to find out the long-term trends of the water table fluctuations of a river basin through a time series approach. The method was found to be useful for demarcating the zones of discharge and of recharge of an aquifer. The recharge of the aquifer is attributed to the return flow from applied irrigation. In the study area, farmers mainly depend on borewells for water and water is pumped from the deep aquifer indiscriminately. The recharge of the shallow aquifer implies excessive pumping of the deep aquifer. Necessary steps have to be taken immediately at appropriate levels to control the irrational pumping of deep aquifer groundwater, which is needed as a future water source. The study emphasizes the use of geostatistics for the better management of water resources and sustainable development of the area.     

BTEX在乙醇汽油和传统汽油污染地下水中的衰减行为对比

地下燃油储藏罐泄漏造成苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯（BTEX）影响生态环境和公众健康的问题一直备受关注,随着乙醇汽油的推广使用,乙醇对BTEX修复策略的影响成为需要重视的新问题.为揭示乙醇汽油污染地下水中BTEX的衰减行为,本文通过室内两个独立砂槽投注实验和近3年的监测,对比了乙醇汽油和传统汽油中BTEX自然衰减和基于硫酸盐-硝酸盐补充的增强生物修复行为.结果表明,传统汽油BTEX自然衰减较快,乙醇汽油BTEX自然衰减较慢,一级衰减速率常数分别为0.0055~0.0329 d^-1和0.0045~0.0124 d^-1;苯衰减最快,其次为甲苯.补充硫酸盐和硝酸盐能促进生物修复,单独补充硫酸盐时其利用率为89.7%~92.9%,同时补充硝酸盐时硫酸盐利用被抑制,硝酸盐利用率为79.9%~87.2%.水位波动会促进BTEX溶解和迁移,增大质量通量.乙醇汽油不仅能消耗更多电子受体,使得BTEX衰减被抑制,而且可能会扩大水位波动引起的增溶效应.     

有机负荷和温度波动对厌氧菌群及酶活影响

基于太阳能辅热厌氧消化反应器进行餐厨垃圾半连续发酵试验,探究了温度波动和有机负荷调控（OLR=2.0、4.0、6.0、7.0 kg·m^-3·d^-1）对甲烷产量、酶活性变化和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,反应器可以在OLR为2.0 kg·m^-3·d^-1下稳定运行并在6.0 kg·m^-3·d^-1时实现最佳甲烷生产效率,虽然太阳能组比电能组减少了4倍能耗,但热辐射不稳定导致太阳能组发酵温度波动,甲烷平均产量比电能组减少21%.此外,蛋白酶在温度波动环境下表现出较高活性,但脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性却受到抑制.高通测序结果表明,低OLR阶段乙酸型产甲烷菌Methanosaeta活性较强,随着OLR递增氢营养型产甲烷菌Methanoregula和Methanospirillum相对丰度逐渐提高,而试验全过程中水解细菌Firmicutes相对丰度维持在62%~95%,占据主导地位.     

光脉动混凝投药技术的控制模式及其优化

光脉动检测技术以透过流动悬浮液的光强度的脉动状态反应絮凝颗粒的尺寸与生长情况,其检测值R值可以作为控制参数来控制混凝剂的自动投加。目前,光脉动混凝投药控制系统已经具有单回路、串级、前馈反馈、前馈串级等多种控制模式,使该项技术具有     

三峡水库支流小江鱼类早期资源现状

分别于2017年和2018年的5—7月在三峡库区支流小江渠口断面开展鱼类早期资源监测,以了解小江变动回水区鱼类早期资源现状。监测结果表明:共采集到7种产漂流性卵鱼类的鱼卵以及7种仔鱼;采集的鱼卵以似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)、银(Squalidus argentatus)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)和蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus)为主,而仔鱼则以子陵吻虎鱼(Rhinogobius giurinus)为主;不同年份主要产卵活动发生的时间存在差异;小江渠口镇铺溪村至汉丰湖调节坝之间江段共分布集中产卵场3处。小江变动回水区江段是产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场的分布区域,建议加强该江段生境和鱼类资源保护管理。     

Distribution,characteristics and daily fluctuations of microplastics throughout wastewater treatment plants with mixed domestic–industrial influents in Wuxi City,China

• MPs were analyzed throughout three WWTPs with mixed domestic–industrial influents. • White polyethylene granules from plastic manufacturing were the most dominant MPs. • MPs abundance in random grab-sampling was lower than that in daily dense sampling. • The production of MPs such as microbeads need to be restricted from the source. In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), microplastics (MPs) are complex, especially with mixed domestic–industrial influents. Conventional random grab sampling can roughly depict the distribution and characteristics of MPs but can not accurately reflect their daily fluctuations. In this study, the concentration, shape, polymer type, size, and color of MPs were analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy (detection limit of 0.05 mm) throughout treatment stages of three mixed domestic–industrial WWTPs (W1, W2, and W3) in Wuxi City, China, and the daily fluctuations of MPs were also obtained by dense grab sampling within 24 h. For influent samples, the average MP concentration of 392.2 items/L in W1 with 10% industrial wastewater was much higher than those in W2 (71.2 items/L with 10% industrial wastewater) and W3 (38.3 items/L with 60% industrial wastewater). White polyethylene granules with a diameter less than 0.5 mm from plastic manufacturing were the most dominant MPs in the influent of W1, proving the key role of industrial sources in MPs pollution. In addition, the daily dense sampling results showed that MP concentration in W1 influent fluctuated widely between 29.1 items/L and 4617.6 items/L within a day. Finally, few MPs (less than 4.0 items/L) in these WWTPs effluents were attributed to the effective removal of wastewater treatment processes. Thus, further attention should be paid to regulating the primary sources of MPs.     

水环境条件对三峡库区消落带狗牙根氮磷养分淹水浸泡释放的影响

三峡库区消落带会经历周期性的淹水-出露循环过程,消落带在出露期大量植物生长,淹水期植物体淹没腐解并释放氮磷养分,可能加剧三峡水库水环境压力.狗牙根[Cynodon dactylon(Linn.)Pers.]是三峡库区分布最广泛的优势植物之一.针对三峡水库水环境条件(温度、p H和光照)变化对狗牙根淹水条件下矿化分解及养分释放过程的影响进行了研究.结果表明,狗牙根淹水后,植物残体矿化分解,干重下降,全氮和全磷含量减少.狗牙根浸泡200 d后,25℃和15℃时总氮(TN)释放量分别为(2.66±0.29)g·kg~(-1)和(3.76±0.04)g·kg~(-1),总磷(TP)释放量分别为(0.79±0.03)g·kg~(-1)和(1.40±0.02)g·kg~(-1);上覆水p H为5.0、7.0、9.0时,TN释放量分别为(3.76±0.08)、(2.66±0.29)、(2.55±0.12)g·kg~(-1),TP的释放量分别为(1.53±0.04)、(0.79±0.03)、(1.70±0.07)g·kg~(-1);避光时上覆水TN和TP的释放量为(3.87±0.14)g·kg~(-1)和(1.78±0.08)g·kg~(-1).氮的释放以颗粒态氮(PN)为主,占80%以上,而颗粒态磷(PP)占比在50%左右.随三峡水环境条件变化,如温度降低,狗牙根的氮磷浸泡释放量增大;而酸、碱性水体较中性条件有利于氮磷释放;避光时狗牙根的氮磷释放得到促进.研究结果表明三峡水库冬季蓄水或污水排放导致的水环境变化将进一步促进消落带植物淹水分解及养分释放,从而可能加剧三峡库区水体富营养化.