生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在饰面砖中资源化应用技术

分析了飞灰的性质,利用飞灰、红泥及缸砂研制饰面砖,研究了飞灰对饰面砖性能及微观结构的影响,并对其安全性进行了评价。结果表明:飞灰主要化学成分是CaO、SiO2、Al2O3,构成SiO2-Al22O3-金属氧化物体系,可用作饰面砖的原材料;当飞灰掺加量为20%时,饰面砖表现出良好的性能:抗压强度19·2MPa,吸水率7·2%,表观质量达到一等品要求;与飞灰相比,饰面砖中重金属浸出能力大大降低:As、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cu、Hg、Cd水平振荡浸出毒性未检测出,Zn的水平振荡浸出值下降到飞灰中的0·014倍,Hg、Cd有效浸出毒性未检测出,As、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cu、Zn的有效浸出毒性分别下降到飞灰中的0·056、0·001、0·067、0·058、0·056、0·029倍。     

北京市公园土壤铜、铅含量及化学形态分布特征

对北京市的12个公园进行表层、深层土壤样品的重金属Cu、Pb含量分析,并对其中10个公园的表层、深层土壤样品进行Cu、Pb的化学形态分析。研究结果表明:北京市部分公园的深层土壤已在某种程度上受到人为扰动,大多数公园表层土壤中存在着一定的Cu、Pb含量积累现象,总体上市区公园比郊区公园明显。公园表层、深层土壤中Cu形态分布的总体规律均为残渣晶格态>有机结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,表层、深层土壤中Pb形态分布的总体规律均为残渣晶格态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,但表层土壤中活性态Cu、Pb的平均比例较深层土壤均有所上升,部分市区公园表层土壤中Cu、Pb的含量较高且活性态比例较大,具有一定的释放潜力和生物有效性。     

粉煤灰和活性污泥对好氧填埋渗滤液组分的影响

通过在好氧反应器中添加粉煤灰和活性污泥来加速固体废物的降解。实验结果表明,添加粉煤灰不但改善了氧气扩散,而且增强了反应器对各种污染物的去除能力,对渗滤液中COD、NH4+、NO3-的去除率分别达到75%、68%和65%以上;添加活性污泥引入了一定量的微生物,也有利于固体废物的降解,渗滤液中COD、NH4+、NO3-的去除率分别达到了90%、65%和77%。因此,通过添加粉煤灰和活性污泥来加速固体废物降解是可行的。     

氧气促进纳米零价铁除砷效果及其作用机制

为了探究氧气对纳米零价铁(nZVI)除砷的影响,考察了不同的氧含量(厌氧、低氧、中氧和高氧)条件下nZVI对As(Ⅲ)/As(V)的去除效果,并结合表征结果分析了氧气对nZVI除砷的影响机制。结果表明：氧气存在会显著促进nZVI对As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ)的去除,但不同氧含量对nZVI除砷的促进程度有所不同;随着氧含量的增加,As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ)的去除率呈现先增大后减小然后再增大的趋势。在初始砷浓度为50 mg·L⁻¹、nZVI投加量为200 mg·L⁻¹、O₂/nZVI摩尔比等于0.5时,砷的去除率达到最大,As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)体系中砷的去除率分别为96.27%和51.75%。固相表征结果表明：氧气对nZVI的氧化程度及除砷效果具有较大的影响,在低氧条件下,nZVI被少量氧化为无定型铁矿物进而提高除砷效果;在中氧条件下,nZVI被氧化为大量的溶解态Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ),溶解态铁对砷没有去除效果,从而导致砷的去除率降低;在高氧条件下,nZVI被大量氧化,溶解态Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)进一步被氧化形成新的无定型铁矿物,可增强除砷效果。以上结果可为评估不同氧含量条件下纳米零价铁除砷效果以及人为强化纳米零价铁除砷效果提供参考。     

多种固废协同处理电解锰渣固锰除氨的最优配比及效果分析

为降低电解锰渣中Mn²⁺和NH₄⁺-N的污染,实现多种固体废物减量化处理,采用锰渣、赤泥、粉煤灰3种大宗固废协同处理,并加入少量生石灰,制备无害化固结体,利用水浸法评估无害化效果,并通过BCR提取、XRD和SEM对最佳处理固结体固锰除氨机理进行分析。结果表明,通过正交实验和单因素优化实验,当固结体中锰渣、赤泥、粉煤灰、生石灰的质量分数分别为30%、44%、24%、2%时,浸出液中可溶性Mn²⁺质量浓度降至5.23 μg·L⁻¹,固化率达99.99%;NH₄⁺-N质量浓度降至0.70 mg·L⁻¹,去除率达到99.93%,pH=8.86,能够满足《污水综合排放标准》 (GB 8978-1996) 最高允许排放浓度和一级标准限值;同时浸出液中Mn²⁺、NH₄⁺-N的质量浓度均满足《锰渣污染控制技术规范》 (HJ 1241-2022) 中锰渣利用污染控制要求,可以作为替代原料用于生产除水泥之外的其它建筑材料产品。赤泥、生石灰为处理体系提供碱度,粉煤灰增加胶凝作用,使得无害化处理效果良好。本研究结果可为大宗固废协同无害化、减量化处理提供参考。     

Spring leaf flush in aspen (Populus tremuloides) clones is altered by long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration

Early spring leaf out is important to the success of deciduous trees competing for light and space in dense forest plantation canopies. In this study, we investigated spring leaf flush and how long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂]) and elevated ozone concentration ([O₃]) altered leaf area index development in a closed Populus tremuloides (aspen) canopy. This work was done at the Aspen FACE experiment where aspen clones have been grown since 1997 in conditions simulating the [CO₂] and [O₃] predicted for ∼2050. The responses of two clones were compared during the first month of spring leaf out when CO₂ fumigation had begun, but O₃ fumigation had not. Trees in elevated [CO₂] plots showed a stimulation of leaf area index (36%), while trees in elevated [O₃] plots had lower leaf area index (−20%). While individual leaf area was not significantly affected by elevated [CO₂], the photosynthetic operating efficiency of aspen leaves was significantly improved (51%). There were no significant differences in the way that the two aspen clones responded to elevated [CO₂]; however, the two clones responded differently to long-term growth at elevated [O₃]. The O₃-sensitive clone, 42E, had reduced individual leaf area when grown at elevated [O₃] (−32%), while the tolerant clone, 216, had larger mature leaf area at elevated [O₃] (46%). These results indicate a clear difference between the two clones in their long-term response to elevated [O₃], which could affect competition between the clones, and result in altered genotypic composition in future atmospheric conditions.     

基于响应曲面法优化烧结烟气脱硫灰改性工艺

采用BOX-Behnken的中心组合实验设计及响应面分析方法对半干法烧结烟气脱硫灰进行改性研究,得到脱硫灰转化率的预测模型。结果表明:通过该预测模型可以很好地描述脱硫灰的转化率与反应温度、反应时间和气固比等重要操作参数之间的关系,R2=0.9903。因素分析表明,反应温度对脱硫灰的转化率影响最大,同时反应温度和气固比的交互作用与反应温度和时间的交互作用对脱硫灰的转化率的影响作用相同。利用得到的改进预测模型可以计算脱硫灰的转化率。     

回收粉煤灰磁珠在污水处理中的应用

从粉煤灰综合利用角度,探时利用回收粉煤灰中磁珠作磁种,用高梯度磁分离技术进行污水处理的可行性,进一步研究了粉煤灰磁珠粒度组成对污水处理效果的影响。     

Protection of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees from ozone injury by ethylenediurea (EDU): roles of biochemical changes and decreased stomatal conductance in enhancement of growth

Treatments with ethylenediurea (EDU) protect plants from ozone foliar injury, but the processes underlying this protection are poorly understood. Adult ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior), with or without foliar ozone symptoms in previous years, were treated with EDU at 450ppm by gravitational trunk infusion in May-September 2005 (32.5ppmh AOT40). At 30-day intervals, shoot growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and water potential were determined. In September, several biochemical parameters were measured. The protective influence of EDU was supported by enhancement in the number of leaflets. EDU did not contribute its nitrogen to leaf tissue as a fertiliser, as determined from lack of difference in foliar N between treatments. Both biochemical (increase in ascorbate-peroxidase and ascorbic acid, and decrease in apoplastic hydrogen peroxide) and biophysical (decrease in stomatal conductance) processes regulated EDU action. As total ascorbic acid increased only in the asymptomatic trees, its role in alleviating O(3) effects on leaf growth and visible injury is controversial.     

高硬度富锶地下水的软化沉淀-超滤膜联用工艺

针对一种高硬度富锶地下水,分别采用石灰和石灰-碳酸钠两种方法,利用药剂软化/超滤膜工艺对其进行软化处理,同时考察了药剂投量对出水锶含量的影响。结果表明,采用石灰软化/超滤膜法,Ca(OH)2最佳投加量为270 mg/L时,出水总硬度(以CaCO3计)由287.12 mg/L降低到96.44 mg/L,硬度去除率为66.41%,出水锶含量也由原水中的0.37 mg/L下降为0.21 mg/L;而采用石灰-碳酸钠软化/超滤膜法,Ca(OH)2和Na2CO3最佳投加量分别为270 mg/L、160mg/L时,出水总硬度降低到60.34 mg/L,硬度去除率达78.98%,锶含量仅为0.02 mg/L。2种处理方法出水总硬度均达到预期目标,石灰软化/超滤膜法可使出水锶含量满足富锶水的要求,而石灰-碳酸钠软化/超滤膜法则造成了对人体有益微量元素锶的大量损失。